• My Dashboard My Education Find an Ophthalmologist
  • Home
  • Coronavirus
  • For Ophthalmologists
    • Meetings
      • AAO 2022
        • Meeting Information
          • Past and Future Meetings
          • Mobile Meeting Guide
          • Contact Information
          • Annual Meeting News
          • Health and Safety
          • Policies and Disclaimers
        • Program
          • Program Highlights
          • Subspecialty Day
          • Virtual Meeting
          • Program Committees
          • CME
          • Meeting Archives
        • Expo
        • Registration
        • Hotels & Travel
          • Hotel Reservation Information
          • Chicago
          • International Attendees
          • Hotel Meeting Space
        • Presenter Central
          • Presenter Central
          • Abstract Selection Process
          • Submission Policies
          • Subject Classification/Topics
          • Instruction Courses and Skills Transfer Labs
          • Papers and Posters
          • Videos
          • Grand Rounds Symposium
          • Program Participant and Faculty Guidelines
          • Faculty Development Program
        • Exhibitors
          • Exhibitor Central
          • Exhibitor Portal Information
          • Exhibitor Prospectus
          • New Exhibiting Companies
          • Exhibitor Resources
          • International Exhibitors
          • Promotional Opportunities
          • Exhibitor Hotel Reservations
      • Mid-Year Forum
        • Registration and Travel
        • Congressional Advocacy Day
        • Advocacy Ambassador Program
        • Program
        • Schedule
        • Sponsored Attendees
        • News
      • Codequest
        • Codequest Instructors
        • Claim Codequest CME or CEU Credit
      • Eyecelerator
    • Clinical Education
      • COVID-19
      • Education
        • Browse All Education
        • Courses
        • Cases
        • Learning Plans
        • Interactive
        • Focal Points
        • Wills Eye Manual
        • Disease Reviews
        • Clinical Webinars
        • Diagnose This
        • Self-Assessments
        • Educational Centers
          • Glaucoma Education Center
          • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
          • Laser Surgery Education Center
          • Myopia Resources
          • Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Center
          • Redmond Ethics Center
      • Journals
      • Guidelines
        • Browse All Practice Guidelines
        • Preferred Practice Patterns
        • Clinical Statements
        • Compendium Guidelines
        • Complementary Therapy Assessments
        • Medical Information Technology
        • Ophthalmic Technology Assessments
        • Patient Safety Statements
        • Choosing Wisely
        • Low Vision
        • Eye Care for Older Adults
        • Eye Disease Statistics
        • About the Hoskins Center
      • Video and Image Library
        • Browse All Videos
        • Clinical and Surgical Videos
        • Presentations and Lectures
        • 1-Minute Videos
        • Master Class Videos
        • Basic Skills Videos
        • Interviews
        • Images
        • Submit an Image
        • Submit a Video
      • Podcasts
        • Browse All Audio and Podcasts
        • Experts InSight
        • Ophthalmology Journal
      • News
        • Browse All Clinical News
        • Editors' Choice
        • Headlines
        • Current Insight
      • CME Central
        • Browse All CME Activities
        • Claim CME Credit and View Transcript
        • CME Planning Resources
        • Complete Your Financial Disclosure
        • Joint Sponsorship Portal
        • LEO Continuing Education Recognition Award
        • Safe ER/LA Opioid Prescribing
        • Check Your Industry Payment Records
      • MOC
      • Resident Education
        • Resident Education Home
        • Browse All Resident Content
          • Courses
          • Flashcards
          • Interactive Cases and Simulations
          • Videos
          • Webinars
        • OKAP and Board Exam Resources
          • OKAP Exam
          • Board Prep Resources
          • OKAP and Board Review Presentations
          • Study Flashcards
        • Cataract Master
        • Diversity and Inclusion Education
        • News and Advice from YO Info
        • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
        • PGY-1 and PGY-2 Resources
        • Simulation in Resident Education
    • Membership
      • Join
      • Renew
      • Current Member
      • Volunteer
      • Physician Wellness
      • Member Directory
      • Member Obituaries
      • AAOE Membership
    • Advocacy
      • Advocacy News
      • Get Involved
        • Ways to Give
        • How to Get Involved
        • Congressional Advocacy
        • Support the Academy's Agenda
        • Research Legislation
        • Find Your Legislators
        • I Am an Advocate
        • Advocacy at Home
        • Advocate Tools
        • Best Practices for Advocating at Home
        • Social Media Toolkit
        • Letter to Editor
        • Town Hall Guide
        • Guide to Engaging With New Lawmakers
        • Resources
        • Attending a Political Fundraiser
      • OPHTHPAC
        • About Us
        • Join OPHTHPAC
        • OPHTHPAC Blog
      • Surgical Scope Fund
        • Support Surgery By Surgeons
        • Surgery By Surgeons Blog
    • Publications
      • EyeNet Magazine
        • Latest Issue
        • Archive
        • Subscribe
        • Advertise
        • Write For Us
        • Corporate Lunches
        • Contact
        • MIPS 2022
      • Focal Points
      • Ophthalmology
      • Ophthalmology Glaucoma
      • Ophthalmology Retina
      • YO Info
      • Scope
    • Subspecialties
      • Cataract/Anterior Segment
      • Comprehensive Ophthalmology
      • Cornea/External Disease
      • Glaucoma
      • Neuro-Ophthalmology/Orbit
      • Ocular Pathology/Oncology
      • Oculoplastics/Orbit
      • Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus
      • Refractive Management/Intervention
      • Retina/Vitreous
      • Uveitis
    • IRIS Registry
      • About
      • Using the Registry
        • User Guide
        • Medicare Reporting
        • Maintenance of Certification
        • Non-EHR Reporting
      • Sign Up
        • Application Process
        • Why Participate
        • Once You've Applied: Getting Started
        • What Practices Are Saying About the Registry
      • Requirements
        • EHR Systems
        • Data & Technical Needs
      • Research
      • Registry Dashboard
      • News
      • Medicare & MIPS
    • Medicare Information
    • Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
  • For Practice Management
    • Managing Your Practice
      • Managing Your Practice Topics
      • Coronavirus Resources
      • Reopening & Recovery
      • Practice Forms Library
      • Practice Management News and Advice
      • AAOE-Talk
      • Video Library
      • Ophthalmology Job Center
      • Benchmarking and Salary Tools
      • Academy Consultations
      • Consultant Directory
    • Coding
      • Coding Topics
      • Codequest Events
      • Ask the Coding Experts
      • Coding Updates and Resources
      • Coding for Injectable Drugs
      • EM Documentation
      • ICD-10-CM
      • Ophthalmic Coding Specialist (OCS) Exam
      • Retina
      • Savvy Coder
    • Webinars and Events
      • Annual Meeting
      • Codequest Courses
      • Mid-Year Forum
      • Webinar Recordings
    • IRIS Registry
      • Merit-Based Incentive Payment
    • Medicare and MIPS
      • MIPS
        • Quality
        • Promoting Interoperability
        • Improvement Activities
        • Cost
        • Avoid a Penalty
      • Resources
      • Medicare Participation Options
      • Medicare Advantage Plans
      • New Medicare Card
      • Provider Enrollment, Chain and Ownership System (PECOS)
    • Regulatory Compliance
      • HIPPA Resources
      • Office of Inspector General
      • Audits
      • OSHA
    • AAOE Membership
      • Join AAOE
      • Membership Benefits
      • Renew/Pay Dues
    • About AAOE
      • AAOE Board of Directors
      • AAOE Content Committee
      • Volunteer Opportunities
  • For Public & Patients
    • Eye Health A-Z
    • Symptoms
    • Glasses & Contacts
    • Tips & Prevention
    • News
    • Ask an Ophthalmologist
    • Patient Stories
    • No Cost Eye Exams
    • Español
      • A - Z de Salud Ocular
      • Síntomas
      • Anteojos y Lentes de Contacto
      • Consejos y Prevención
      • Noticias
      • Relatos de Pacientes
      • Exámenes de la vista sin costo
      • English
  • AAO 2022
    • Meeting Information
      • Past and Future Meetings
      • Mobile Meeting Guide
      • Contact Information
      • Annual Meeting News
      • Health and Safety
      • Policies and Disclaimers
    • Program
      • Program Highlights
      • Subspecialty Day
      • Virtual Meeting
      • Program Committees
      • CME
      • Meeting Archives
    • Expo
    • Registration
    • Hotels & Travel
      • Hotel Reservation Information
      • Chicago
      • International Attendees
      • Hotel Meeting Space
    • Presenter Central
      • Presenter Central
      • Abstract Selection Process
      • Submission Policies
      • Subject Classification/Topics
      • Instruction Courses and Skills Transfer Labs
      • Papers and Posters
      • Videos
      • Grand Rounds Symposium
      • Program Participant and Faculty Guidelines
      • Faculty Development Program
    • Exhibitors
      • Exhibitor Central
      • Exhibitor Portal Information
      • Exhibitor Prospectus
      • New Exhibiting Companies
      • Exhibitor Resources
      • International Exhibitors
      • Promotional Opportunities
      • Exhibitor Hotel Reservations
  • About
    • Who We Are
      • What We Do
      • About Ophthalmology
      • The Eye Care Team
      • Ethics and the Academy
      • History
      • Museum of Vision
      • Values
    • Governance
      • Council
      • Board of Trustees
      • Committees
      • Academy Past Presidents
      • Secretariats
      • Elections
      • Academy Blog
      • Academy Staff Leadership
    • Leadership Development
    • Awards
      • Laureate Recognition Award
      • Outstanding Advocate Award
      • Outstanding Humanitarian Service Award
      • International Blindness Prevention Award
      • Distinguished Service Award
      • Guests of Honor
      • Secretariat Award
      • Straatsma Award
      • Achievement Award Program
      • Artemis Award
      • EnergEYES Award
      • International Education Award
      • International Scholar Award
      • Commitment to Advocacy Award
      • Visionary Society Award
    • Financial Relationships
    • Policy Statements
    • Related Organizations
      • Subspecialty/Specialized Interest Society Directory
      • State Society Directory
      • Subspecialty/Specialized Interest Society Meetings
      • State Society Meetings
      • Resources for Societies
    • Year in Review
      • 2020 Year in Review
  • Foundation
    • About
      • 2020-2021 Annual Report
      • Annual Report Archives
      • News From the Chair
      • Foundation Staff
    • Our Impact
      • Partners for Sight
      • Donor Spotlights
      • Global Ophthalmic Community
      • Sponsorships
      • Patients and the Public
    • Giving Options
      • Our Supporters
      • Estate and Planned Giving
      • Ophthalmic Business Council
      • Parke Center Campaign
      • Minority Ophthalmology Mentoring Campaign
      • Museum of the Eye Campaign
    • Orbital Gala
      • Why Attend
      • Photo Recap
      • Corporate Support Opportunities
      • Tribute Gifts
      • Silent Auction
      • Corporate Sponsors
    • Donate
    • Museum of the Eye Campaign
      • Museum Supporters
  • Museum of the Eye
    • Visit
    • What's On
      • Museum Galleries
      • Special Exhibitions
      • Current Events
      • Past Events
    • Explore
      • Research and Resources
      • Collection Search
      • Previous Exhibits
      • Oral Histories
      • Biographies
    • Volunteer
    • Mailing List
    • Donate
    • About the Museum
      • Museum Blog
  • Young Ophthalmologists
    • YO Info
    • Learn to Bill
    • Engage with the Academy
  • Senior Ophthalmologists
    • Scope
    • Practice Transitions
  • International Ophthalmologists
    • Global Programs and Resources for National Societies
    • Awards
    • Global Outreach
  • Residents
  • Medical Students
×
Shop
Log In Create an Account
  • For Ophthalmologists
  • For Practice Management
  • For Public & Patients
  • Coronavirus
  • About
  • Foundation
  • Museum of the Eye
  • COVID-19
  • Journals
  • Education
    • Education
    • Courses
    • Cases
    • Learning Plans
    • Interactive
    • Focal Points
    • Wills Eye Manual
    • Disease Reviews
    • Clinical Webinars
    • Diagnose This
    • Self-Assessments
    • Education Centers
      • Glaucoma Education Center
      • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
      • Laser Surgery Education Center
      • Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Center
      • Redmond Ethics Center
      • Myopia Resources
      • Thyroid Eye Disease Resources
  • Guidelines
    • Practice Guidelines
    • Preferred Practice Patterns
    • Clinical Statements
    • Ophthalmic Technology Assessments
    • Patient Safety Statements
    • Complementary Therapy Assessments
    • Compendium Guidelines
    • Medical Information Technology
    • Low Vision
    • Choosing Wisely
    • Eye Care for Older Adults
    • Eye Disease Statistics
    • About the Hoskins Center
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Premium IOLs
    • Patient-Reported Outcomes with LASIK Symptoms and Satisfaction
  • Multimedia
    • Multimedia Library
    • Video
      • 1-Minute Videos
      • Presentations and Lectures
      • Master Class Videos
      • Basic Skills Videos
      • Clinical and Surgical Videos
      • Interviews
      • Resident Lectures
      • Submit a Video
      • YO Video Contest
    • Podcasts
      • Browse Podcast Archive
      • Experts InSight Podcast
      • Ophthalmology Journal Podcast
    • Images
      • Submit an Image
  • News
    • Clinical News
    • Editors' Choice
    • Headlines
    • Current Insight
  • CME
    • CME Central
    • Claim CME Credit and View Transcript
    • CME Planning Resources
    • Complete Your Financial Disclosure
    • Joint Sponsorship Portal
    • LEO Continuing Education Recognition Award
    • Safe ER/LA Opioid Prescribing
    • Check Your Industry Payment Records
  • MOC
  • Residents
    • Resident Education Home
    • Browse All Resident Content
      • Courses
      • Flashcards and Study Presentations
      • Interactive Cases and Simulations
      • Videos
      • Webinars
    • Cataract Master
    • Diversity and Inclusion Education
    • News and Advice from YO Info
    • OKAP and Board Exam Resources
      • OKAP Exam
      • Board Prep Resources
      • OKAP and Board Review Presentations
      • Study Flashcards
    • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
    • PGY-1 and PGY-2 Resources
    • Resident Knowledge Exchange
    • Simulation in Resident Education
    • Clinical Education /
    • Book Excerpts /
    • Basic and Clinical Science Course - Excerpt
  • 2020–2021 BCSC Basic and Clinical Science Course™

    Go to Academy Store Learn more and Purchase.

    5 Neuro-Ophthalmology

    Chapter 11: The Patient With Eyelid or Facial Abnormalities

    Seventh Cranial Nerve Disorders

    Disorders of Underactivity of the Seventh Cranial Nerve

    Facial weakness or paralysis may occur with supranuclear, nuclear, or infranuclear lesions (Table 11-3).

    Supranuclear lesions

    A frontal lesion in the facial portion of the precentral gyrus results in a contralateral paralysis of volitional facial movement, which involves the lower face more severely than the upper face (upper motor neuron lesion). Emotional and reflex facial movements such as smiling and spontaneous blinking are usually preserved because they are controlled through extrapyramidal pathways.

    Table 11-3 Etiologies of Facial Paralysis

    With extrapyramidal disorders, such as parkinsonism or progressive supranuclear palsy, spontaneous facial expression is minimal, and the spontaneous blink rate is usually reduced. Volitional facial movements generally remain intact.

    Brainstem lesions

    Ipsilateral facial weakness that involves both the upper and lower face may occur with a pontine disorder. Vascular lesions and intraparenchymal tumors are the most common causes. Other evidence of a pontine disturbance is to be expected, such as ipsilateral corneal and facial anesthesia, CN VI palsy, lateral gaze palsy, cerebellar ataxia, and contralateral hemiparesis. Dissociations between the autonomic, sensory, and CN VII motor functions may be present. Large lesions of the pons may produce facial diplegia, which also occurs in Möbius syndrome, a congenital disorder involving bilateral CN VI palsies or gaze palsies.

    Peripheral lesions

    Peripheral or lower motor neuron lesions that result in ipsilateral facial weakness may have numerous causes. Concomitant impairment of CN V, CN VI, or CN VIII or cerebellar signs may indicate cerebellar pontine angle tumors.

    Bell palsy, which typically occurs in adults, represents the most common type of facial neuropathy, but it must remain a diagnosis of exclusion. Bell palsy is characterized by the sudden onset of facial paresis. Pain may either precede the palsy or occur concurrently. Patients with Bell Palsy may report facial numbness, although their cutaneous sensation is usually intact. These patients may also note decreased tearing, diminished taste, and dysacusis.

    Although the etiology of Bell palsy is unknown, it is believed to be caused by autoimmune or viral-induced inflammatory or ischemic injury with swelling of the peripheral nerve. The incidence of Bell palsy is higher in pregnant women and in patients with diabetes mellitus or a family history of Bell palsy. If the facial weakness progresses over a period of more than 3 weeks, an alternative etiology should be considered (eg, a neoplastic process, inflammatory disorder such as sarcoidosis, or an infectious cause).

    Approximately 85% of patients with Bell palsy experience a satisfactory recovery, although subtle signs of aberrant regeneration can be detected on examination. In these patients, recovery typically begins within 3 weeks of onset of the deficit and is complete by 2–3 months. In the remaining patients, recovery is incomplete, and significant synkinesis with co-contraction of a variety of facial muscles is common. Complete facial palsy at the time of presentation, impairment of lacrimation, dysacusis, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and advanced age are all poor prognostic factors.

    Corticosteroids are commonly used to treat Bell palsy, and evidence from meta-analyses and randomized trials supports their efficacy. A 7–10-day course of oral corticosteroids is recommended for patients without systemic contraindications within the first 72 hours. The addition of an antiviral medication (eg, acyclovir, famciclovir, or valacyclovir) is of unclear benefit.

    Neoplasms may involve CN VII in the cerebellopontine angle (eg, acoustic neuroma [Fig 11-9], meningioma), within the fallopian canal, or in the parotid gland. Such lesions may compress CN VII, resulting in facial synkinesis. Most of these lesions are best evaluated through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with intravenous contrast.

    Various infectious agents can cause CN VII pathology. The nerve may be impaired from meningitis. Lyme disease, caused by the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, can cause unilateral or bilateral facial palsies. Classic manifestations include a characteristic rash, arthritis, and meningopolyneuritis (see Chapter 14). The prognosis for CN VII palsy recovery following treatment of Lyme disease is excellent.

    Figure 11-9 Facial nerve palsy. This 60-year-old patient experienced ocular irritation on the left side after excision of a left acoustic neuroma. A, The left eye will not close due to weakness of the left orbicularis oculi. B, Fortunately, corneal sensation remains intact, and the patient demonstrates an excellent Bell phenomenon.

    (Courtesy of Steven A. Newman, MD.)

    Herpes zoster that involves CN VII is called Ramsay Hunt syndrome. It is diagnosed through the identification of vesicles along the posterior aspect of the external auditory canal, over the tympanic membrane, or on the pinna. Pain is often severe, and postherpetic neuralgia may result. The prognosis for recovery is less promising than for Bell palsy. An isolated CN VII palsy, as well as other isolated or multiple CN palsies, may be the first sign of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion. Infectious disorders such as otitis media may spread to involve CN VII.

    CN VII is the most common CN involved in sarcoidosis (see Chapter 14). The site of involvement is usually the parotid gland, which develops noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. CN VII involvement is frequently bilateral yet asymmetric.

    Facial diplegia may occur in Guillain-Barré syndrome, especially in the variant Miller Fisher syndrome, when ophthalmoplegia and ataxia are also present. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis reveals an elevated protein level with a normal cell count, and deep tendon reflexes are usually absent. A high percentage of patients with Miller Fisher syndrome have anti-GQ1b IgG antibodies in their serum. Recovery is generally complete, and the serologic test results improve with clinical improvement.

    CN VII palsy may occur from head trauma. The Battle sign (ecchymosis over the mastoid area) may be present and is associated with fractures of the temporal bone. Congenital facial palsy is frequently related to birth trauma from use of forceps and tends to resolve.

    In Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, recurrent unilateral or bilateral facial paralysis is accompanied by chronic facial swelling and lingua plicata (furrowing of the tongue). The etiology of this disorder, which usually begins in childhood or adolescence, is unknown. The facial swelling is frequently marked and may be bilateral, even when facial paresis is only unilateral.

    Given the extensive differential diagnosis for CN VII weakness, etiologic considerations in specific clinical situations deserve emphasis. Bilateral CN VII palsies are most frequently due to sarcoidosis, basilar meningitis (bacterial, viral, spirochetal), or Guillain-Barré syndrome. Recurrent unilateral CN VII involvement is most commonly idiopathic but may be caused by diabetes mellitus, Lyme disease, or Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Progressive CN VII palsy is highly suggestive of a neoplastic etiology, either from tumor invasion (eg, brainstem, cerebellopontine, or parotid gland) or diffuse infiltration (eg, meningeal carcinomatosis). Further, accompanying CN palsies will aid in topographic localization of the lesion.

    Schwartz SR, Jones SL, Getchius TS, Gronseth GS. Reconciling the clinical practice guidelines on Bell’s palsy from the AAO-HNSF and the AAN. Neurology. 2014;82(21):1927–1929.

    Treatment options for seventh cranial nerve underactivity

    In cases of orbicularis oculi involvement, treatment of corneal exposure may be necessary. Artificial tear preparations and lubricants are sufficient in mild cases. Taping the eyelid shut with lubricating ointment in the eye for sleep may be necessary. Moisture chambers have been used at night. Patients should be advised to avoid dusty and windy environments. Breakdown of corneal epithelium indicates the need for punctal plugs, tarsorrhaphy, or the injection of botulinum toxin to induce ptosis.

    In patients with CN VII palsy, it is crucial to determine the status of CN V. Loss of corneal sensation combined with CN VII palsy is a particularly difficult clinical problem. The risk of combined neurotrophic and neuroparalytic keratitis warrants an aggressive approach, possibly including early tarsorrhaphy or an eyelid weight implant.

    The simplest and most successful surgical treatment for corneal problems associated with chronic CN VII palsies is the implantation of gold or platinum eyelid weights, combined with horizontal eyelid tightening such as a lateral tarsal strip. To avoid the implantation of too small a weight, preoperative evaluation should include trials of various weights taped to the eyelid surface. The heaviest weight that can be lifted clear of the visual axis should be chosen. Later, if facial nerve function recovers, the weight can be removed.

    Sohrab M, Abugo U, Grant M, Merbs S. Management of the eye in facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg. 2015;31(2):140–144.

    Excerpted from BCSC 2020-2021 series: Section 5 - Neuro-Ophthalmology. For more information and to purchase the entire series, please visit https://www.aao.org/bcsc.

  • Most Commented
    Loading, please wait...
    There are no comments available.
    Most Viewed
    Loading, please wait...
    Most Viewed content is not available.
  • The Academy Store
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Complete Print Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Complete eBook Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Complete Print and eBook Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Residency Print Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Residency eBook Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course Complete Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course Residency Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 01: Update on General Medicine
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 02: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 03: Clinical Optics and Vision Rehabilitation
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 04: Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 05: Neuro-Ophthalmology
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 06: Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 07: Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 08: External Disease and Cornea
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 09: Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 10: Glaucoma
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 11: Lens and Cataract
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 12: Retina and Vitreous
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 13: Refractive Surgery
    The Technician Point System: How to Improve Practice Accountability and Bottom Line (Free Member Webinar)
    Transitioning Your Practice: Retiring, Selling or Buying a Practice (Free Member Webinar)
    How to Build a Patient-First Culture (Free Member Webinar)
    2022 IRIS Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight) Preparation Kit
    Advances in Medical and Surgical Management: The 2022 Update on Glaucoma
    Presbyopia-Correcting IOLs
    2022 Codequest - Multistate (Recorded March 29)
    2022 Codequest Virtual (Multistate)
    Retina Patient Education Video Collection
    Cataract and Refractive Surgery Patient Education Video Collection
 
  • Contact Us
  • About the Academy
  • Jobs at the Academy
  • Financial Relationships with Industry
  • Medical Disclaimer
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of Service
  • Help
  • For Advertisers
  • For Media
  • Ophthalmology Job Center

OUR SITES

  • EyeWiki
  • International Society of Refractive Surgery

FOLLOW THE ACADEMY

Medical Professionals

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • YouTube

Public & Patients

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • YouTube

Museum of the Eye

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • YouTube
  • Trip Advisor
  • Yelp
© American Academy of Ophthalmology 2022