• My Dashboard My Education Find an Ophthalmologist
  • Home
  • Coronavirus
  • For Ophthalmologists
    • Meetings
      • AAO 2022
        • Meeting Information
          • Past and Future Meetings
          • Mobile Meeting Guide
          • Contact Information
          • Annual Meeting News
          • Health and Safety
          • Policies and Disclaimers
        • Program
          • Program Highlights
          • Subspecialty Day
          • Virtual Meeting
          • Program Committees
          • CME
          • Meeting Archives
        • Expo
        • Registration
        • Hotels & Travel
          • Hotel Reservation Information
          • Chicago
          • International Attendees
          • Hotel Meeting Space
        • Presenter Central
          • Presenter Central
          • Abstract Selection Process
          • Submission Policies
          • Subject Classification/Topics
          • Instruction Courses and Skills Transfer Labs
          • Papers and Posters
          • Videos
          • Grand Rounds Symposium
          • Program Participant and Faculty Guidelines
          • Faculty Development Program
        • Exhibitors
          • Exhibitor Central
          • Exhibitor Portal Information
          • Exhibitor Prospectus
          • New Exhibiting Companies
          • Exhibitor Resources
          • International Exhibitors
          • Promotional Opportunities
          • Exhibitor Hotel Reservations
      • Mid-Year Forum
        • Registration and Travel
        • Congressional Advocacy Day
        • Advocacy Ambassador Program
        • Program
        • Schedule
        • Sponsored Attendees
        • News
      • Codequest
        • Codequest Instructors
        • Claim Codequest CME or CEU Credit
      • Eyecelerator
    • Clinical Education
      • COVID-19
      • Education
        • Browse All Education
        • Courses
        • Cases
        • Learning Plans
        • Interactive
        • Focal Points
        • Wills Eye Manual
        • Disease Reviews
        • Clinical Webinars
        • Diagnose This
        • Self-Assessments
        • Educational Centers
          • Glaucoma Education Center
          • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
          • Laser Surgery Education Center
          • Myopia Resources
          • Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Center
          • Redmond Ethics Center
      • Journals
      • Guidelines
        • Browse All Practice Guidelines
        • Preferred Practice Patterns
        • Clinical Statements
        • Compendium Guidelines
        • Complementary Therapy Assessments
        • Medical Information Technology
        • Ophthalmic Technology Assessments
        • Patient Safety Statements
        • Choosing Wisely
        • Low Vision
        • Eye Care for Older Adults
        • Eye Disease Statistics
        • About the Hoskins Center
      • Video and Image Library
        • Browse All Videos
        • Clinical and Surgical Videos
        • Presentations and Lectures
        • 1-Minute Videos
        • Master Class Videos
        • Basic Skills Videos
        • Interviews
        • Images
        • Submit an Image
        • Submit a Video
      • Podcasts
        • Browse All Audio and Podcasts
        • Experts InSight
        • Ophthalmology Journal
      • News
        • Browse All Clinical News
        • Editors' Choice
        • Headlines
        • Current Insight
      • CME Central
        • Browse All CME Activities
        • Claim CME Credit and View Transcript
        • CME Planning Resources
        • Complete Your Financial Disclosure
        • Joint Sponsorship Portal
        • LEO Continuing Education Recognition Award
        • Safe ER/LA Opioid Prescribing
        • Check Your Industry Payment Records
      • MOC
      • Resident Education
        • Resident Education Home
        • Browse All Resident Content
          • Courses
          • Flashcards
          • Interactive Cases and Simulations
          • Videos
          • Webinars
        • OKAP and Board Exam Resources
          • OKAP Exam
          • Board Prep Resources
          • OKAP and Board Review Presentations
          • Study Flashcards
        • Cataract Master
        • Diversity and Inclusion Education
        • News and Advice from YO Info
        • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
        • PGY-1 and PGY-2 Resources
        • Simulation in Resident Education
    • Membership
      • Join
      • Renew
      • Current Member
      • Volunteer
      • Physician Wellness
      • Member Directory
      • Member Obituaries
      • AAOE Membership
    • Advocacy
      • Advocacy News
      • Get Involved
        • Ways to Give
        • How to Get Involved
        • Congressional Advocacy
        • Support the Academy's Agenda
        • Research Legislation
        • Find Your Legislators
        • I Am an Advocate
        • Advocacy at Home
        • Advocate Tools
        • Best Practices for Advocating at Home
        • Social Media Toolkit
        • Letter to Editor
        • Town Hall Guide
        • Guide to Engaging With New Lawmakers
        • Resources
        • Attending a Political Fundraiser
      • OPHTHPAC
        • About Us
        • Join OPHTHPAC
        • OPHTHPAC Blog
      • Surgical Scope Fund
        • Support Surgery By Surgeons
        • Surgery By Surgeons Blog
    • Publications
      • EyeNet Magazine
        • Latest Issue
        • Archive
        • Subscribe
        • Advertise
        • Write For Us
        • Corporate Lunches
        • Contact
        • MIPS 2022
      • Focal Points
      • Ophthalmology
      • Ophthalmology Glaucoma
      • Ophthalmology Retina
      • YO Info
      • Scope
    • Subspecialties
      • Cataract/Anterior Segment
      • Comprehensive Ophthalmology
      • Cornea/External Disease
      • Glaucoma
      • Neuro-Ophthalmology/Orbit
      • Ocular Pathology/Oncology
      • Oculoplastics/Orbit
      • Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus
      • Refractive Management/Intervention
      • Retina/Vitreous
      • Uveitis
    • IRIS Registry
      • About
      • Using the Registry
        • User Guide
        • Medicare Reporting
        • Maintenance of Certification
        • Non-EHR Reporting
      • Sign Up
        • Application Process
        • Why Participate
        • Once You've Applied: Getting Started
        • What Practices Are Saying About the Registry
      • Requirements
        • EHR Systems
        • Data & Technical Needs
      • Research
      • Registry Dashboard
      • News
      • Medicare & MIPS
    • Medicare Information
    • Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
  • For Practice Management
    • Managing Your Practice
      • Managing Your Practice Topics
      • Coronavirus Resources
      • Reopening & Recovery
      • Practice Forms Library
      • Practice Management News and Advice
      • AAOE-Talk
      • Video Library
      • Ophthalmology Job Center
      • Benchmarking and Salary Tools
      • Academy Consultations
      • Consultant Directory
    • Coding
      • Coding Topics
      • Codequest Events
      • Ask the Coding Experts
      • Coding Updates and Resources
      • Coding for Injectable Drugs
      • EM Documentation
      • ICD-10-CM
      • Ophthalmic Coding Specialist (OCS) Exam
      • Retina
      • Savvy Coder
    • Webinars and Events
      • Annual Meeting
      • Codequest Courses
      • Mid-Year Forum
      • Webinar Recordings
    • IRIS Registry
      • Merit-Based Incentive Payment
    • Medicare and MIPS
      • MIPS
        • Quality
        • Promoting Interoperability
        • Improvement Activities
        • Cost
        • Avoid a Penalty
      • Resources
      • Medicare Participation Options
      • Medicare Advantage Plans
      • New Medicare Card
      • Provider Enrollment, Chain and Ownership System (PECOS)
    • Regulatory Compliance
      • HIPPA Resources
      • Office of Inspector General
      • Audits
      • OSHA
    • AAOE Membership
      • Join AAOE
      • Membership Benefits
      • Renew/Pay Dues
    • About AAOE
      • AAOE Board of Directors
      • AAOE Content Committee
      • Volunteer Opportunities
  • For Public & Patients
    • Eye Health A-Z
    • Symptoms
    • Glasses & Contacts
    • Tips & Prevention
    • News
    • Ask an Ophthalmologist
    • Patient Stories
    • No Cost Eye Exams
    • Español
      • A - Z de Salud Ocular
      • Síntomas
      • Anteojos y Lentes de Contacto
      • Consejos y Prevención
      • Noticias
      • Relatos de Pacientes
      • Exámenes de la vista sin costo
      • English
  • AAO 2022
    • Meeting Information
      • Past and Future Meetings
      • Mobile Meeting Guide
      • Contact Information
      • Annual Meeting News
      • Health and Safety
      • Policies and Disclaimers
    • Program
      • Program Highlights
      • Subspecialty Day
      • Virtual Meeting
      • Program Committees
      • CME
      • Meeting Archives
    • Expo
    • Registration
    • Hotels & Travel
      • Hotel Reservation Information
      • Chicago
      • International Attendees
      • Hotel Meeting Space
    • Presenter Central
      • Presenter Central
      • Abstract Selection Process
      • Submission Policies
      • Subject Classification/Topics
      • Instruction Courses and Skills Transfer Labs
      • Papers and Posters
      • Videos
      • Grand Rounds Symposium
      • Program Participant and Faculty Guidelines
      • Faculty Development Program
    • Exhibitors
      • Exhibitor Central
      • Exhibitor Portal Information
      • Exhibitor Prospectus
      • New Exhibiting Companies
      • Exhibitor Resources
      • International Exhibitors
      • Promotional Opportunities
      • Exhibitor Hotel Reservations
  • About
    • Who We Are
      • What We Do
      • About Ophthalmology
      • The Eye Care Team
      • Ethics and the Academy
      • History
      • Museum of Vision
      • Values
    • Governance
      • Council
      • Board of Trustees
      • Committees
      • Academy Past Presidents
      • Secretariats
      • Elections
      • Academy Blog
      • Academy Staff Leadership
    • Leadership Development
    • Awards
      • Laureate Recognition Award
      • Outstanding Advocate Award
      • Outstanding Humanitarian Service Award
      • International Blindness Prevention Award
      • Distinguished Service Award
      • Guests of Honor
      • Secretariat Award
      • Straatsma Award
      • Achievement Award Program
      • Artemis Award
      • EnergEYES Award
      • International Education Award
      • International Scholar Award
      • Commitment to Advocacy Award
      • Visionary Society Award
    • Financial Relationships
    • Policy Statements
    • Related Organizations
      • Subspecialty/Specialized Interest Society Directory
      • State Society Directory
      • Subspecialty/Specialized Interest Society Meetings
      • State Society Meetings
      • Resources for Societies
    • Year in Review
      • 2020 Year in Review
  • Foundation
    • About
      • 2020-2021 Annual Report
      • Annual Report Archives
      • News From the Chair
      • Foundation Staff
    • Our Impact
      • Partners for Sight
      • Donor Spotlights
      • Global Ophthalmic Community
      • Sponsorships
      • Patients and the Public
    • Giving Options
      • Our Supporters
      • Estate and Planned Giving
      • Ophthalmic Business Council
      • Parke Center Campaign
      • Minority Ophthalmology Mentoring Campaign
      • Museum of the Eye Campaign
    • Orbital Gala
      • Why Attend
      • Photo Recap
      • Corporate Support Opportunities
      • Tribute Gifts
      • Silent Auction
      • Corporate Sponsors
    • Donate
    • Museum of the Eye Campaign
      • Museum Supporters
  • Museum of the Eye
    • Visit
    • What's On
      • Museum Galleries
      • Special Exhibitions
      • Current Events
      • Past Events
    • Explore
      • Research and Resources
      • Collection Search
      • Previous Exhibits
      • Oral Histories
      • Biographies
    • Volunteer
    • Mailing List
    • Donate
    • About the Museum
      • Museum Blog
  • Young Ophthalmologists
    • YO Info
    • Learn to Bill
    • Engage with the Academy
  • Senior Ophthalmologists
    • Scope
    • Practice Transitions
  • International Ophthalmologists
    • Global Programs and Resources for National Societies
    • Awards
    • Global Outreach
  • Residents
  • Medical Students
×
Shop
Log In Create an Account
  • For Ophthalmologists
  • For Practice Management
  • For Public & Patients
  • Coronavirus
  • About
  • Foundation
  • Museum of the Eye
  • COVID-19
  • Journals
  • Education
    • Education
    • Courses
    • Cases
    • Learning Plans
    • Interactive
    • Focal Points
    • Wills Eye Manual
    • Disease Reviews
    • Clinical Webinars
    • Diagnose This
    • Self-Assessments
    • Education Centers
      • Glaucoma Education Center
      • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
      • Laser Surgery Education Center
      • Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Center
      • Redmond Ethics Center
      • Myopia Resources
      • Thyroid Eye Disease Resources
  • Guidelines
    • Practice Guidelines
    • Preferred Practice Patterns
    • Clinical Statements
    • Ophthalmic Technology Assessments
    • Patient Safety Statements
    • Complementary Therapy Assessments
    • Compendium Guidelines
    • Medical Information Technology
    • Low Vision
    • Choosing Wisely
    • Eye Care for Older Adults
    • Eye Disease Statistics
    • About the Hoskins Center
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Premium IOLs
    • Patient-Reported Outcomes with LASIK Symptoms and Satisfaction
  • Multimedia
    • Multimedia Library
    • Video
      • 1-Minute Videos
      • Presentations and Lectures
      • Master Class Videos
      • Basic Skills Videos
      • Clinical and Surgical Videos
      • Interviews
      • Resident Lectures
      • Submit a Video
      • YO Video Contest
    • Podcasts
      • Browse Podcast Archive
      • Experts InSight Podcast
      • Ophthalmology Journal Podcast
    • Images
      • Submit an Image
  • News
    • Clinical News
    • Editors' Choice
    • Headlines
    • Current Insight
  • CME
    • CME Central
    • Claim CME Credit and View Transcript
    • CME Planning Resources
    • Complete Your Financial Disclosure
    • Joint Sponsorship Portal
    • LEO Continuing Education Recognition Award
    • Safe ER/LA Opioid Prescribing
    • Check Your Industry Payment Records
  • MOC
  • Residents
    • Resident Education Home
    • Browse All Resident Content
      • Courses
      • Flashcards and Study Presentations
      • Interactive Cases and Simulations
      • Videos
      • Webinars
    • Cataract Master
    • Diversity and Inclusion Education
    • News and Advice from YO Info
    • OKAP and Board Exam Resources
      • OKAP Exam
      • Board Prep Resources
      • OKAP and Board Review Presentations
      • Study Flashcards
    • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
    • PGY-1 and PGY-2 Resources
    • Resident Knowledge Exchange
    • Simulation in Resident Education
    • Clinical Education /
    • Book Excerpts /
    • Basic and Clinical Science Course - Excerpt
  • 2020–2021 BCSC Basic and Clinical Science Course™

    Go to Academy Store Learn more and Purchase.

    3 Clinical Optics

    Chapter 8: Optical Instruments

    Anterior- and Posterior-Segment Imaging

    Ophthalmoscopy

    An ophthalmoscope is an instrument for viewing the retina and associated tissues—the ocular fundus. It consists of 3 essential elements: a source of illumination, a method of reflecting the light into the eye, and an optical means of correcting an unsharp image of the fundus. Imaging of the fundus is carried out either by direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy.

    Figure 8-14 Goldmann 3-mirror contact lens. The flat-front contact lens essentially nullifies the power of the eye and provides an upright view of the posterior pole. The mirrors at various angles inside enable alternative (inverted) views of different parts of the retina and the anterior chamber angle (gonioscopy).

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration modified by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    Figure 8-15 High-power plus lenses for slit-lamp indirect ophthalmoscopy (eg, 60 D and 90 D fundus lenses) held in front of the eye produce an inverted aerial image of the retina within the focal range of a slit-lamp biomicroscope.

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration modified by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    Direct ophthalmoscope

    With direct ophthalmoscopy, the examiner uses the optics of the patient’s eye as a simple magnifier to look at the retina. If both the examiner and patient have emmetropic vision and are not accommodating, rays of light coming from a point on the patient’s retina exit parallel, with zero vergence, and continue through the empty peephole of the direct ophthalmoscope. These parallel rays of light are then focused onto the examiner’s retina. Thus, the examiner’s retina becomes conjugate to the patient’s retina when a direct ophthalmoscope is used.

    When the examiner looks through the peephole of a direct ophthalmoscope, with no lenses in place, just past the edge of (or aperture in) a mirror that reflects light into the patient’s eye, almost coaxial to the examiner’s view, an upright, virtual, magnified retinal image is seen. The optics of the emmetropic normal eye are approximately +60 D, so using the formula for a simple magnifier, the magnification is 60/4, or 15× (Fig 8-16). This means that the patient’s retina appears 15 times larger than if the retina were removed from the eye and held at 25 cm. Only a small field of view is seen with the direct ophthalmoscope (about 7°) because, even when being as close to the patient as possible, the peripheral rays that are coming from the peripheral part of the patient’s retina cannot be captured, as they do not enter the examiner’s pupil (Fig 8-17).

    If the patient or examiner has an uncorrected spherical refractive error, a series of auxiliary lenses is available to dial into the path of the direct ophthalmoscope for compensation. If the patient’s eye is myopic, a minus lens is dialed in, to overcome the extra plus power “error lens” inside the patient’s eye. Those 2 lenses create a Galilean telescope effect, increasing magnification and decreasing the field of view. Similarly, the retina of a hyperopic eye will be magnified less than 15× because of the reverse Galilean telescope created by the minus power error lens inside the patient’s eye and the plus lens of the direct ophthalmoscope.

    Figure 8-16 Magnification of direct ophthalmoscopy. With direct ophthalmoscopy the examiner basically uses the optics of the patient’s eye as a simple magnifier to look at the retina. The optics of the emmetropic eye are approximately +60 D, thus the magnification is 60/4, or 15×, according to the formula for a simple magnifier.

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration modified by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    Figure 8-17 Field of view with direct ophthalmoscopy. Even when being as close to the patient as possible, the peripheral rays that are coming from the peripheral part of the patient’s retina do not enter the examiner’s pupil, restricting the field of view to about 7°.

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration modified by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    Indirect ophthalmoscope

    In indirect ophthalmoscopy, an ophthalmic “condensing” lens is used to increase the field of view, by capturing the peripheral rays (that are lost in direct ophthalmoscopy) and bringing them into the examiner’s pupil (Fig 8-18). Thus, a much wider field of view is seen with the indirect ophthalmoscope (eg, about 25° with an ordinary 20 D condensing lens).

    Assuming that the patient’s eye has normal vision, rays of light coming from a point on the patient’s retina leave the eye with zero vergence and are gathered and focused by the condensing lens into what is called an intermediate aerial image; that is, an image of the patient’s retina in space. In case of a 20 D condensing lens, this image is located one-twentieth of a meter closer to the examiner, who therefore sees an optically real, inverted image of the patient’s retina that appears to be 5 cm closer to the examiner’s eye than the 20 D lens. With the examiner looking at that aerial image, it will be focused on the examiner’s retina. Thus, in indirect ophthalmoscopy, the patient’s retina, the aerial image, and the examiner’s retina are all conjugate to each other.

    Figure 8-18 Field of view with indirect ophthalmoscopy. Unlike in direct ophthalmoscopy, the condensing lens captures the peripheral rays, enlarging the field of view to about 25° with an ordinary 20 D condensing lens.

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration modified by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    The most important conjugate planes in indirect ophthalmoscopy, however, are the cornea and the faceplate of the indirect ophthalmoscope (Fig 8-19). The main purpose of the condensing lens, other than the purpose of forming the aerial image, is to make the faceplate of the indirect ophthalmoscope conjugate to the patient’s cornea, so that the bright illumination light passes at a different place through the cornea, offset from where the examiner’s pupils are looking, to avoid reflections back from the cornea into the examiner’s eyes. This is very important because the cornea reflects about 2% of the light, but the observed retinal image is only 0.1% of the light. Thus, the retina cannot be seen if any light from the cornea is reflected back into the observation pathway. Therefore, in indirect ophthalmoscopy, the light pathway is separated from the observation pathway by imaging the faceplate on the cornea with the condensing lens, so that the aerial image of the retina can be seen. The images of the observer’s pupils in the plane of the cornea are very small circles—about 10% of the observer’s pupil’s diameters—and thus form virtual pinholes (the drawing in Figure 8-19 shows these images much larger than they are in practice). These tiny entrance pupils limit the light available for the observer to view the fundus, but also allow very clear images to be appreciated even in the presence of imperfect ocular media, such as cataracts or vitreous debris. This is a mixed blessing—it allows for better views of the fundus than can be obtained in many cases, for example, with the direct ophthalmoscope, but prevents the observer from appreciating the visual impairments caused by the media imperfections.

    The binocular eyepieces in the indirect ophthalmoscope, via mirrors and/or prisms, reduce the interpupillary distance from about 60 mm to 15 mm, to fit the images of examiner’s pupils along with the light source within the patient’s pupil, allowing for binocular viewing. (If the patient’s pupil is small, the illuminating and observation pathways can be brought closer by varying the positions of mirrors or prisms in the eyepieces). This causes a reduction of the examiner’s stereoscopic vision by 60/15, or 4×, which fortunately is compensated for by the axial magnification of the aerial image.

    Figure 8-19 Conjugate planes in indirect ophthalmoscopy. The patient’s retina, the aerial image, and the examiner’s retina, as well as the faceplate of the indirect ophthalmoscope and the patient’s cornea, are conjugate to each other when performing indirect ophthalmoscopy.

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration redrawn by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    Figure 8-20 Magnification of the aerial image in indirect ophthalmoscopy. For an emmetropic eye, by similar triangles, transverse magnification equals the focal length of the condensing lens divided by the focal length of the eye in air, and therefore the power of the eye divided by the power of the condensing lens.

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration modified by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    To appreciate this, let’s look at the transverse magnification of the aerial image, which turns out to be the power of the eye divided by the power of the condensing lens (see Fig 8-20), that is 60/20, or 3×, for an emmetropic eye and a 20 D condensing lens. The aerial image is thus wider than the actual object on the retina. Recall that the axial magnification is the square of the transverse (lateral or linear) magnification, that is, in our case 9×. The image that is observed is thus greatly distorted in depth, which helps make up for the loss in stereoacuity due to the reduced interpupillary distance. The eyepieces reduce depth fourfold, so the overall axial magnification is 9/4, or 2.25×. Thus, things are observed 3 times wider and 2.25 times increased in depth. Other choices of condensing lens power result in different ratios of transverse and lateral magnification.

    However, the threefold transverse magnification of the aerial image is not the overall transverse magnification of indirect ophthalmoscopy. The overall transverse magnification depends upon the distance from which the aerial image is observed. From about 40 cm, from where it is usually observed, the overall transverse magnification is about 3×25/40, or 1.87, with the 20 D condensing lens (Fig 8-21), much less compared to a direct ophthalmoscope, which provided 15× magnification (see Fig 8-16). In summary, small details are observed with the direct ophthalmoscope that cannot be seen with the indirect ophthalmoscope.

    Figure 8-21 Overall magnification of indirect ophthalmoscopy with different condensing lenses depends on the distance from which the aerial image is observed. From about 40 cm, from where it is usually observed, the overall magnification is about 1.87×, with the 20 D condensing lens.

    (Reproduced from Guyton DL, et al. Ophthalmic Optics and Clinical Refraction. Baltimore: Prism Press; 1999. Illustration modified by Kristina Irsch, PhD.)

    Excerpted from BCSC 2020-2021 series : Section 3 - Clinical Optics. For more information and to purchase the entire series, please visit https://www.aao.org/bcsc.

  • Most Commented
    Loading, please wait...
    There are no comments available.
    Most Viewed
    Loading, please wait...
    Most Viewed content is not available.
  • The Academy Store
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Complete Print Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Complete eBook Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Complete Print and eBook Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Residency Print Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Residency eBook Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course Complete Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course Residency Set
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 01: Update on General Medicine
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 02: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 03: Clinical Optics and Vision Rehabilitation
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 04: Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 05: Neuro-Ophthalmology
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 06: Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 07: Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 08: External Disease and Cornea
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 09: Uveitis and Ocular Inflammation
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 10: Glaucoma
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 11: Lens and Cataract
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 12: Retina and Vitreous
    2022-2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 13: Refractive Surgery
    The Technician Point System: How to Improve Practice Accountability and Bottom Line (Free Member Webinar)
    Transitioning Your Practice: Retiring, Selling or Buying a Practice (Free Member Webinar)
    2022 IRIS Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight) Preparation Kit
    Advances in Medical and Surgical Management: The 2022 Update on Glaucoma
    Presbyopia-Correcting IOLs
    2022 Codequest - Multistate (Recorded March 29)
    2022 Codequest Virtual (Multistate)
    Retina Patient Education Video Collection
    Cataract and Refractive Surgery Patient Education Video Collection
    Glaucoma Patient Education Video Collection
 
  • Contact Us
  • About the Academy
  • Jobs at the Academy
  • Financial Relationships with Industry
  • Medical Disclaimer
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of Service
  • Help
  • For Advertisers
  • For Media
  • Ophthalmology Job Center

OUR SITES

  • EyeWiki
  • International Society of Refractive Surgery

FOLLOW THE ACADEMY

Medical Professionals

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • YouTube

Public & Patients

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • YouTube

Museum of the Eye

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • YouTube
  • Trip Advisor
  • Yelp
© American Academy of Ophthalmology 2022