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Cysticercosis

JAN 03, 2023

Multipart image showing multiple cysticercosis in brain, orbital muscles, orbital fat, optic nerve sheath.

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Vitreous base avulsion

JUL 07, 2022

Vitreous base avulsion (or vitreous band) in a case of suspected neurofibromatosis. Only two cases of which have been reported in confirmed cases of neurofibromatosis. Vitreous base avulsions are linear vitreous opacities overlapping the peripheral retina, often resulting in…

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Cerebral venous sinus system

FEB 17, 2022

A, Cerebral venous sinus system. B, Drainage of the cavernous sinus.

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Visual field

JAN 20, 2022

Automated threshold visual field, central 30 degrees, right eye. Left eye is normal.

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Congenitally full optic disc

JAN 19, 2022

Congentially full optic discs. Central physiologic cup is absent and blood vessels on surfae of each disc have an anomalous pattern. (A) Right Eye. (b)Left eye.

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Choroidal abnormalities in Neurofibromatosis type 1

DEC 10, 2021

A 28-year-old man (Patient 1) and a 31-year-old woman (Patient 2), were referred to the eye clinic after dermatological finding of six and eight café-au-lait macules over 15 mm in maximum diameter, respectively. Medical history was unremarkable. Patients were fully asymptoma…

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Causes of monocular transient visual loss

DEC 01, 2021

Flowchart for the classification of causes of monocular transient visual loss (TVL) and the appropriate investigations. AC = anterior chamber; BP = blood pressure; CBC = complete blood count; CRP = C-reactive protein; CRVO = central retinal vein occlusion; CTA = computed tom…

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Acute idiopathic blind-spot enlargement (AIBSE) syndrome

DEC 01, 2021

Acute idiopathic blind-spot enlargement (AIBSE) syndrome. A, Color photograph shows peripapillary pigmentary changes. B, Humphrey 24-2 SITA Standard visual field shows an enlarged blind spot with sensitivity of 0 dB in this region. C and D: mfERG shows depression (C) with fl…

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Myelinated nerve patches and ONH

DEC 01, 2021

Myelinated nerve patches are often present within the arcuate bundles, occasionally abutting the ONH. When contiguous, these nerve patches may be mistaken for ONH edema or cotton-wool spots. B, A normal ONH.

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Papillophlebitis

DEC 01, 2021

Papillophlebitis. ONH edema in a 28-year-old woman with engorgement and tortuosity of the retinal venous system. Visual acuity was 20/30.

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Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis

DEC 01, 2021

Sagittal T2-weighted MRI of the spinal cord in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder depicting a T2-hyperintense lesion over more than 3 vertebral segments
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Abnormalities of facial movement

DEC 01, 2021

Distribution and topical diagnosis of CN VII lesions. 1. Supranuclear facial palsy: contralateral weakness of lower two-thirds of the face with accompanying weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle; retained expression 2. Nuclear facial palsy: facial monoplegia (congenital)…

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Autosomal dominant optic atrophy

DEC 01, 2021

Autosomal dominant optic atrophy in a 39-year-old woman with a 25-year history of poor vision, with slow decline. A and B, Color fundus photographs show temporal pallor with some excavation and cupping. C, OCT shows diffuse peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thinning wi…

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Catheter angiography

NOV 23, 2021

Digital subtraction angiogram, lateral view, demonstrates an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery (arrow). ACA = anterior cerebral artery; ICA = internal carotid artery; MCA = middle cerebral artery.

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Cancer-associated retinopathy

NOV 23, 2021

Cancer-associated retinopathy. A and B, Fundus photographs show mild arteriolar attenuation and findings of macular drusen and trace epiretinal membrane in the left eye. C–G: Full-field electroretinography testing is not recordable under scotopic conditions, and the maximum…

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Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy

NOV 23, 2021

Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR). A and B, Humphrey 24-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA) Standard visual field shows bitemporal hemianopia not respecting the vertical meridian. C and D, Fundus photographs reveal retinal atrophy and pigmentary chang…

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Color vision testing

NOV 23, 2021

Pseudoisochromatic plates for color vision testing. A, Ishihara plate. B, Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) plate.

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Contrast sensitivity testing

NOV 23, 2021

A, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart. B, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) high-contrast chart. C, ETDRS low (2.5%)–contrast chart.

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OCT and chiasmal lesions

NOV 23, 2021

OCT GC-IPL showing binasal thinning due to chiasmal compression from a pituitary adenoma.

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Conjunctivochalasis

NOV 23, 2021

Advanced conjunctivochalasis in the left eye, with a redundant, nonedematous conjunctiva overriding the lid margins.

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Fluorescein angiography (FA)

NOV 23, 2021

A–C: ONH pseudoedema with no ONH leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA). Fundus photograph (A); early (B) and late (C) FA images. D–F: ONH edema with ONH leakage on FA. Fundus photograph (D); early (E) and late (F) FA images. G–I: ONH edema with ONH leakage on FA. Wide-fiel…

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Optical coherence tomography

NOV 23, 2021

Normal optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan of the optic nerve and retina. The layers of the retina are labeled. BM = Bruch membrane; INL = inner nuclear layer; IPL = inner plexiform layer; ONL = outer nuclear layer; OPL = outer plexiform layer; RNFL = retinal nerve fiber…

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Fluorescein angiography (FA)

NOV 23, 2021

Fluorescein angiography image of the retina shows delayed choroidal filling in a patient presenting with no light perception vision due to giant cell arteritis. The fluorescein dye appears bright in this positive image. The retinal arteries are filled with fluorescein, and t…

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Carotid cavernous fistula

NOV 23, 2021

A 77-year-old-man, after a misdiagnose of angle-closure glaucoma which was treated with two laser iridotomies, sought a second opinion on ocular redness with eyelid swelling and an intraocular pressure of 35mmHg on maximal tolerated topic therapy. Note on the left anterior…

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Automated static perimetry

NOV 23, 2021

Humphrey 24-2 automated static perimetry report, with reliability indices, gray-scale map, probability plots, and statistical analysis.

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Early cone dystrophy

NOV 23, 2021

Early cone dystrophy. A and B, Color photographs show a normal-appearing fundus. C and D, Multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) shows loss of the central peak bilaterally compared with normal reference. E and F, mfERG demonstrates flattening of the foveal waveforms bilaterall…

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Fundus autofluorescence (FAF)

NOV 23, 2021

A and B, Color photographs showing optic disc drusen (ODD). C and D, Red-free photographs showing autofluorescence of ODD. E and F, Fundus autofluorescence photographs showing hyperfluorescence of ODD.

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CT of orbital varix

NOV 23, 2021

CT of orbital varix with Valsalva maneuver. A, Normal under resting conditions. B, During Valsalva maneuver, a large orbital varix (arrow) is clearly evident.

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Mandibular division

NOV 23, 2021

The divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

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Saccadic system

NOV 23, 2021

The saccadic system comprises visually reflexive movements (derived from the parietal eye field) and memory-guided and volitional movements (derived from the frontal eye field). Supplemental eye fields receive input from frontal eye fields and program saccades projecting to…

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Rakelike defects

NOV 23, 2021

A, In this color fundus photograph, the ONH shows temporal pallor with loss of the nerve fiber layer in the papillomacular bundle. Superiorly and inferiorly along the arcades, rakelike defects (arrows) are seen in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). Use of t…

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Sixth cranial nerve

NOV 23, 2021

Illustration of the axial course of CN VI from its origin in the pons to the lateral rectus muscle.

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Morning glory syndrome with serous retinal detachment

JUL 08, 2021

Morning glory syndrome with serous retinal detachment. Enlarged and funnel-shaped excavation of right optic disc with hyperplastic glial tissues in the central disc, peripapillary pigment abnormality, multiple anomalous straight vessels radiating circumferentially from the o…

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Papillitis

JUN 24, 2021

Papillitis. The disc is swollen, with blurred disc margins. In papillitis, the disc is hyperemic, rather than pale as in ischemic optic neuropathy. Papillitis is usually unilateral. Bilateral papillitis can be differentiated from papilledema based on decreased visual acuity…

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Ischemic optic neuropathy

JUN 24, 2021

Ischemic optic neuropathy. This figure shows pale swelling of the optic disc, with associated flame-shaped hemorrhages.

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Temporal pallor of the optic nerve

JUN 24, 2021

Temporal pallor of the optic nerve. Diseases that damage optic nerve fibers may result in temporal pallor of the optic nerve. Note the normal nerve color present only on the nasal aspect of the disc.

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Papilledema

JUN 24, 2021

Papilledema. The optic disc is elevated and the margins are indistinct. There is microvascular congestion on the disc, the retinal veins are dilated, and flame-shaped hemorrhages are present. The appearance in the other eye should be similar.

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Von Hippel Lindau disease

JUN 16, 2021

Fundus Montage of a 34-year-old female with diagnosis of von Hippel Lindau disease and presenting 2 cappilary hemangiblastomas.

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Papilledema

JUN 09, 2021

The most common ocular manifestation of intracranial hypertension is optic disc swelling, which in this condition is referred to as papilledema.

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Neurofibromatosis

JUN 09, 2021

Classical neurofibromatosis (NF1) is among the most common inherited disorders in humans, with an estimated incidence of 3 in 10,000.

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Diabetic papillopathy

JUN 02, 2021

Diabetic papillopathy with eventual optic atrophy. Disc edema, hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots in 52-year-old patient with a 6-year history of diabetes. Visual acuity is 20/25. (B) About 3 years later, diffuse optic atrophy is present. Visual acuity is 20/100.

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Cranial nerve III palsy

JUN 02, 2021

Right cranial nerve III palsy in a 71-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes.

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Thyroid-related orbitopathy

MAY 26, 2021

Thyroid-related orbitopathy. (A) 35-year-old male developed bilateral acute orbital cellulitis as initial onset of thyroid-related orbitopathy. Lateral cantholysis and pulsed intravenous corticosteroids compromised initial therapy. (B) Axial CT demonstrates proptosis and mo…

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Parallel visual processing pathways

FEB 05, 2021

Parallel visual processing pathways in the human brain. The occipitotemporal (ventral, or “what”) pathway begins in the striate cortex (V1) and projects to the angular gyrus for language processing, to the inferior temporal lobe for object identification, and to the limbic s…

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Third nerve palsy with pupil sparing

JAN 21, 2021

Right third nerve palsy with complete ptosis pupil sparing.

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Hollenhorst plaque

JAN 21, 2021

Hollenhorst plaque. Patient with atrial fibrillation, mitral valve stenosis, aortic valve replacement, congestive heart failure hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Embolus formed from cholesterol deposition. Refractile, yellow crystals most commonly found at bifurcations of ret…

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Third nerve palsy pupil sparing

JAN 21, 2021

Third Nerve Palsy Pupil Sparing. Right (OD) 3rd nerve palsy pupil sparing Limited eye movement right eye in upgaze, left gaze and down gaze/ptosis OD.

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Optic disc drusen

JAN 19, 2021

Fundus photograph with optic disc drusen seen as yellow refractile deposits on the optic nerve and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) with hyperautofluoresence of disc drusen. Right eye and left eye, respectively.

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Bilateral disc edema

JAN 19, 2021

A 40 year-old woman with bilateral disc edema. Venous sinus thrombosis for which she underwent sinus thrombectomy. Fundus photos note obscuration of disc vessels and retinal hemorrhages.

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Lateral rectus muscle extirpation technique

JAN 07, 2021

Lateral rectus (LR) muscle extirpation technique. a. LR muscle isolated on a green muscle hook. b. Disinsertion of the muscle. c. A modified Hartmann clamp posteriorly placed. d. Cautery applied to the muscle after excision of its anterior aspect.

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