On completing this activity, the ophthalmologist should be able to identify gaps in care and target areas for clinical practice assessment and improvement across the subspecialty spectrum in ophthalmology, as well as describe and implement current information on diagnosis and management of ophthalmic problems encountered in everyday practice.

Eventually, nearly all patients with diabetes will develop some form of retinopathy. Coordinated management with the patient's primary care physician can decrease the risk of visual loss by 90%.

Cystoid macular edema (CME) is most commonly seen after cataract surgery. It may occur with vascular disease, retinal dystrophy, uveitis, and usage of certain medications. CME arises from the accumulation of fluid within the retina when there is disruption of the normal blood-retinal barrier and abnormal permeability of the perifoveal retinal capillaries.

Retinal vein occlusions refer to conditions in which there is an obstruction of blood flow out of the retina. This outflow obstruction can either affect the central retinal vein, causing central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), or one of the branch retinal veins, resulting in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Visually significant complications can result including macular edema, retinal ischemia, and intraocular neovascularization. The prompt recognition and proper management of these conditions is important in limiting vision loss especially as newer treatment options become available.