• My Dashboard My Education Find an Ophthalmologist
  • Home
  • For Ophthalmologists
    • Meetings
      • AAO 2021
        • Meeting Information
          • New Orleans
          • Past and Future Meetings
          • Contact Information
          • Virtual Meeting Guide
          • Policies and Disclaimers
        • Program
          • Program Search
          • Program Highlights
          • Program Committees
          • CME
          • Meeting Archives
        • Expo
        • Registration
        • Presenter Central
          • Presenter Central
          • Abstract Selection Process
          • Submission Policies
          • Subject Classification/Topics
          • Instruction Courses and Skills Transfer Labs
          • Papers and Posters
          • Videos
          • Grand Rounds Symposium
          • Program Participant and Faculty Guidelines
          • Faculty Development Program
        • Exhibitors
          • Exhibitor Central
          • Exhibitor Portal Information
          • New Exhibiting Companies
          • Exhibitor Resources
      • Mid-Year Forum
        • Registration and Travel
        • Congressional Advocacy Day
        • Advocacy Ambassador Program
        • Program
        • Schedule
        • Sponsored Attendees
        • News
      • Ophthalmology Business Summit
      • Codequest
        • Codequest Instructors
        • Claim Codequest CME or CEU Credit
      • Eyecelerator
    • Clinical Education
      • COVID-19
      • Education
        • Browse All Education
        • Courses
        • Cases
        • Learning Plans
        • Interactive
        • Focal Points
        • Wills Eye Manual
        • Disease Reviews
        • Clinical Webinars
        • Diagnose This
        • Self-Assessments
        • Educational Centers
          • Glaucoma Education Center
          • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
          • Laser Surgery Education Center
          • Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Center
          • Redmond Ethics Center
      • Journals
      • Guidelines
        • Browse All Practice Guidelines
        • Preferred Practice Patterns
        • Clinical Statements
        • Compendium Guidelines
        • Complementary Therapy Assessments
        • Medical Information Technology
        • Ophthalmic Technology Assessments
        • Patient Safety Statements
        • Choosing Wisely
        • Low Vision
        • Eye Care for Older Adults
        • Eye Disease Statistics
        • About the Hoskins Center
      • Multimedia Library
        • Browse All Videos and Audio
        • Clinical and Surgical Videos
        • Presentations and Lectures
        • 1-Minute Videos
        • Master Class Videos
        • Basic Skills Videos
        • Interviews
        • Audio and Podcasts
        • Images
        • Submit an Image
        • Submit a Video
      • News
        • Browse All Clinical News
        • Editors' Choice
        • Headlines
        • Current Insight
      • CME Central
        • Browse All CME Activities
        • Claim CME Credit and View Transcript
        • CME Planning Resources
        • Complete Your Financial Disclosure
        • Joint Sponsorship Portal
        • LEO Continuing Education Recognition Award
        • Safe ER/LA Opioid Prescribing
        • Check Your Industry Payment Records
      • MOC
      • Resident Education
        • All Resident Education
        • OKAP and Board Exam Resources
          • OKAP Exam
          • Board Prep Resources
          • OKAP and Board Review Presentations
          • Study Flashcards
        • Resident Courses
        • Resident Videos
        • Cataract Master
        • Simulation in Resident Education
        • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
        • News and Advice from YO Info
    • Membership
      • Join
      • Renew
      • Current Member
      • Volunteer
      • Physician Wellness
      • Member Directory
      • Member Obituaries
      • AAOE Membership
    • Advocacy
      • Advocacy News
      • Get Involved
        • Ways to Give
        • How to Get Involved
        • Congressional Advocacy
        • Support the Academy's Agenda
        • Research Legislation
        • Find Your Legislators
        • I Am an Advocate
        • Advocacy at Home
        • Advocate Tools
        • Best Practices for Advocating at Home
        • Social Media Toolkit
        • Letter to Editor
        • Town Hall Guide
        • Guide to Engaging With New Lawmakers
        • Resources
        • Attending a Political Fundraiser
      • OPHTHPAC
        • About Us
        • Join OPHTHPAC
        • OPHTHPAC Blog
      • Surgical Scope Fund
        • Support Surgery By Surgeons
        • Surgery By Surgeons Blog
    • Publications
      • EyeNet Magazine
        • Latest Issue
        • Archive
        • Subscribe
        • Advertise
        • Write For Us
        • Corporate Lunches
        • Contact
        • MIPS 2019
        • MIPS 2020
      • Focal Points
      • Ophthalmology
      • Ophthalmology Glaucoma
      • Ophthalmology Retina
    • Subspecialties
      • Cataract/Anterior Segment
      • Comprehensive Ophthalmology
      • Cornea/External Disease
      • Glaucoma
      • Neuro-Ophthalmology/Orbit
      • Ocular Pathology/Oncology
      • Oculoplastics/Orbit
      • Pediatric Ophthalmology/Strabismus
      • Refractive Management/Intervention
      • Retina/Vitreous
      • Uveitis
    • IRIS Registry
      • About
      • Using the Registry
        • User Guide
        • Medicare Reporting
        • Maintenance of Certification
        • Non-EHR Reporting
      • Sign Up
        • Application Process
        • Why Participate
        • Once You've Applied: Getting Started
        • What Practices Are Saying About the Registry
      • Requirements
        • EHR Systems
        • Data & Technical Needs
      • Research
      • Registry Dashboard
      • News
    • Medicare Information
  • For Practice Management
    • Coding
      • Codequest
      • Ask the Coding Experts
      • Coding Updates and Resources
      • Coding for Injectable Drugs
      • ICD-10-CM
        • News and Advice
      • Ophthalmic Coding Specialist (OCS) Exam
    • Regulatory
      • Medicare Participation Options
      • Audits
      • Medicare Advantage Plans
        • Termination Appeal Letter
      • New Medicare Card
      • Provider Enrollment, Chain and Ownership System (PECOS)
      • HIPAA Resources
    • Practice Operations
      • Practice Management Advice
      • Lean Management
      • Cybersecurity
      • Private Equity
      • EHRs
        • Overview
        • Planning and Preparation
        • Vendor Selection
        • Implementation and Evaluation
        • Patient Portals
        • Resources
        • Ratings
    • Events
      • Annual Meeting
      • Business Summit
      • Codequest Courses
    • Leadership
      • AAOE Board of Directors
      • Leadership Program (OPAL)
    • Listservs
    • Resources
      • Practice Management Resource Library
      • Coronavirus Resources
      • Patient Education
      • Practice Forms Library
        • Practice Forms Library - Examination
        • Practice Forms Library - Financial
        • Practice Forms Library - HIPAA
        • Practice Forms Library - Human Resources
        • Practice Forms Library - Job Descriptions
        • Practice Forms Library - Patient Forms
        • Practice Forms Library - Protocols
        • Practice Forms Library - Surgery
      • Practice Analytics
        • Benchmarking Tool
        • Salary Survey
      • Consultant Directory
      • Ophthalmology Job Center
      • Practice Management for Retina
      • Reopening and Recovery
    • Get Involved
    • Medicare
      • Quality
        • Overview
        • Reporting
        • Measures
      • Promoting Interoperability
        • Overview
        • Measures
        • Attestation
        • Hardships and Exceptions
        • Audits
        • News and Advice
      • Improvement Activities
        • Overview
        • List of Improvement Activities
        • Attestation
        • Audits
      • Cost
      • Avoid a Penalty
      • Resources
        • 2019 to 2020 MIPS Changes
        • MIPS Solo and Small Practice Survival Guide
        • MIPS Glossary
        • MIPS Resources on EyeNet
        • MIPS Extreme Hardship Exceptions
        • Solo and Small-Practice Roadmap
        • MIPS Manual
        • MIPS Large Practice Roadmap
        • IRIS Registry User Guide
        • CMS Websites
        • 2020 MIPS Payments: Understanding Remittance Advice Codes
        • Final Checklist for EHR/Non-EHR 2019 MIPS Reporting
        • MIPS Tips
        • MIPS Archive
    • Membership
  • For Public & Patients
    • Eye Health A-Z
    • Symptoms
    • Glasses & Contacts
    • Tips & Prevention
    • News
    • Ask an Ophthalmologist
    • Patient Stories
    • No Cost Eye Exams
    • Español
      • A - Z de Salud Ocular
      • Síntomas
      • Anteojos y Lentes de Contacto
      • Consejos y Prevención
      • Noticias
      • Relatos de Pacientes
      • Exámenes de la vista sin costo
      • English
  • AAO 2021
    • Meeting Information
      • New Orleans
      • Past and Future Meetings
      • Contact Information
      • Virtual Meeting Help
      • Virtual Meeting Guide
      • Policies and Disclaimers
    • Program
      • Program Search
      • Program Highlights
      • Program Committees
      • CME
      • Meeting Archives
    • Expo
    • Registration
    • Presenter Central
      • Presenter Central
      • Abstract Selection Process
      • Submission Policies
      • Subject Classification/Topics
      • Instruction Courses and Skills Transfer Labs
      • Papers and Posters
      • Videos
      • Grand Rounds Symposium
      • Program Participant and Faculty Guidelines
      • Faculty Development Program
    • Exhibitors
      • Exhibitor Central
      • Exhibitor Portal Information
      • New Exhibiting Companies
      • Exhibitor Resources
  • About
    • Who We Are
      • What We Do
      • About Ophthalmology
      • The Eye Care Team
      • Ethics and the Academy
      • History
      • Museum of Vision
      • Values
    • Governance
      • Council
      • Board of Trustees
      • Committees
      • Academy Past Presidents
      • Secretariats
      • Elections
      • Academy Blog
      • Academy Staff Leadership
    • Leadership Development
    • Awards
      • Laureate Recognition Award
      • Outstanding Advocate Award
      • Outstanding Humanitarian Service Award
      • International Blindness Prevention Award
      • Distinguished Service Award
      • Guests of Honor
      • Secretariat Award
      • Straatsma Award
      • Achievement Award Program
      • Artemis Award
      • EnergEYES Award
      • International Education Award
      • International Scholar Award
      • Commitment to Advocacy Award
      • Visionary Society Award
    • Financial Relationships
    • Policy Statements
    • Related Organizations
      • Subspecialty/Specialized Interest Society Directory
      • State Society Directory
      • Subspecialty/Specialized Interest Society Meetings
      • State Society Meetings
      • Resources for Societies
    • Year in Review
      • 2019 Year in Review
  • Foundation
    • About
      • Funding Allocations and Sources
      • 2019-2020 Annual Report
      • Annual Report Archives
      • News From the Chair
      • Foundation Staff
    • Our Impact
      • Partners for Sight
      • Donor Spotlights
      • Global Ophthalmic Community
      • Sponsorships
      • Patients and the Public
    • Giving Options
      • Our Supporters
      • Estate and Planned Giving
      • Ophthalmic Business Council
    • Orbital Gala
      • Why Attend
      • Photo Recap
      • Corporate Support Opportunities
      • Tribute Gifts
      • Silent Auction
      • Corporate Sponsors
    • Donate
    • Museum of the Eye Campaign
      • Museum Supporters
  • Museum of the Eye
    • Visit
    • Events
    • Explore
      • Research and Resources
      • Collection Search
      • Previous Exhibits
      • Oral Histories
      • Biographies
    • Volunteer
    • Mailing List
    • Donate
    • About the Museum
      • Museum Blog
  • Young Ophthalmologists
    • YO Info
    • Learn to Bill
    • Engage with the Academy
  • Senior Ophthalmologists
    • Scope
    • Practice Transitions
  • International Ophthalmologists
    • Global Programs and Resources for National Societies
    • Awards
    • Global Outreach
  • Residents
  • Medical Students
×
Log In Create an Account
  • For Ophthalmologists
  • For Practice Management
  • For Public & Patients
  • About
  • Foundation
  • Museum of the Eye
  • COVID-19
  • Journals
  • Education
    • Education
    • Courses
    • Cases
    • Learning Plans
    • Interactive
    • Focal Points
    • Wills Eye Manual
    • Disease Reviews
    • Clinical Webinars
    • Diagnose This
    • Self-Assessments
    • Education Centers
      • Glaucoma Education Center
      • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
      • Laser Surgery Education Center
      • Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Center
      • Redmond Ethics Center
      • Dry Eye Resources
  • Guidelines
    • Practice Guidelines
    • Preferred Practice Patterns
    • Clinical Statements
    • Ophthalmic Technology Assessments
    • Patient Safety Statements
    • Complementary Therapy Assessments
    • Compendium Guidelines
    • Medical Information Technology
    • Low Vision
    • Choosing Wisely
    • Eye Care for Older Adults
    • Eye Disease Statistics
    • About the Hoskins Center
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Premium IOLs
  • Multimedia
    • Multimedia Library
    • Video
      • 1-Minute Videos
      • Presentations and Lectures
      • Master Class Videos
      • Basic Skills Videos
      • Clinical and Surgical Videos
      • Interviews
      • Resident Lectures
      • Submit a Video
    • Audio and Podcasts
    • Images
      • Submit an Image
  • News
    • Clinical News
    • Editors' Choice
    • Headlines
    • Current Insight
  • CME
    • CME Central
    • Claim CME Credit and View Transcript
    • CME Planning Resources
    • Complete Your Financial Disclosure
    • Joint Sponsorship Portal
    • LEO Continuing Education Recognition Award
    • Safe ER/LA Opioid Prescribing
    • Check Your Industry Payment Records
  • MOC
  • Residents
    • Resident Education
    • OKAP and Board Exam Resources
      • OKAP Exam
      • Board Prep Resources
      • OKAP and Board Review Presentations
      • Study Flashcards
    • Resident Courses
    • Resident Videos
    • Cataract Master
    • Simulation in Resident Education
    • Diversity and Inclusion Education
    • Pediatric Ophthalmology Education Center
    • News and Advice from YO Info
    • Clinical Education /
    • Focal Points - Excerpt
  • Prescribing Prism

    Go to Academy Store Learn more and Purchase.
    Prescribing Prism

    In general, both phorias and tropias can be accurately measured using prism and cover tests. Initially a cover test is performed to determine the fixing eye and estimate the deviation. This is followed by the prism and alternating cover test, with adjustment of prism strength until refixation movement of the eyes is neutralized.

    Phorias

    Although most normal individuals have at least some phoria, the vast majority are asymptomatic. If a deviation is uncovered on routine testing in an asymptomatic patient, no treatment is necessary. If a patient is complaining of asthenopia and a deviation is discovered during testing, one must first ensure that there are no coexisting issues prior to attributing the symptoms to a phoria. There are a number of causes for asthenopic symptoms that should be ruled out. Some of these causes are summarized in Table 1. To be sure, some of the refractive causes of asthenopia are via induced phorias.

    Once other causes for symptoms are ruled out, phorias should be investigated, and, in certain cases, may benefit from partial prism correction. One indication that the patient will benefit from prisms is minimal prism adaptation during a 15- to 20-minute trial with prisms in the waiting area. Otherwise, if there is a significant adaptation to the prisms, the patient’s symptoms will probably not be improved through the use of prisms, and other therapies, including surgery, should be considered.

    Esophoria

    As soon as the cover/uncover test identifies an esophoria, the next step is to obtain an accurate cycloplegic refraction because many cases of esophoria are “accommodative,” due to uncorrected or undercorrected hyperopia. It is wise to perform the cover/uncover test for esophoria at both distance and near, for the deviation may be larger at one distance than the other.

    After refracting the patient and ensuring that there is no uncorrected hyperopia, one may wish to try a small amount of plus sphere to decrease the accommodative demand, as some cases of esophoria are due to accommodative excess. Such intervention is often enough to treat the condition, but base-out prism may be necessary if refractive methods fail. In situations that require the use of prisms, base-out prism should be prescribed with only the minimum amount of power required to eliminate the symptoms.

    Exophoria

    Again, careful refraction of the patient can help the management of many cases of exophoria. With refractive correction in place, if any, cover tests should be performed, and accommodation should be evaluated by push-up measurement of accommodative amplitude, or, especially in children, by dynamic retinoscopy. Divergence excess (in contrast to convergence insufficiency) manifests as an increased angle of exophoria in the distance.

    In exophoria, correcting both myopia and hyperopia can help improve symptoms, but additional cautions should be taken when correcting hyperopia, as full correction of hyperopia may worsen the symptoms. A several-minute test with hyperopic correction should be attempted to see if exophoric symptoms improve because of clearer imagery or worsen by relaxing accommodation. If they worsen, prescribe the largest correction possible to treat the hyperopia while avoiding exophoric symptoms. A good starting point is one-third of the spherical error. Just as plus lenses can be helpful for esophoria, decreased-power plus lenses or even minus lenses can improve exophoria.

    Base-in prisms may also be helpful for the treatment of exophoria. As with esophoria, the least amount of prism that eliminates exophoric symptoms should be used. The cover test should provide an estimate of the power of the prism to be used. Additionally, treating a minor hyperphoria with vertical prisms can allow the patient to compensate for exophoria with no need for horizontal prisms (see below). If divergence excess is found to be the cause of the exophoria, prisms should be avoided. In this situation, base-in prism can cause esophoria at near, which patients do not tolerate well.

    Hyperphoria

    Both the measurement and treatment for hyperphoria are similar to those for the horizontal heterophorias. One important point regarding hyperphorias is that they often coexist with horizontal heterophorias, and the treatment of one may improve or eliminate the other condition. Therefore if either a horizontal heterophoria or a vertical heterophoria is found, it is important to investigate whether the other is present. Initial attempts at treatment should be focused on the primary phoria with the intention of treating both.

    Tropias

    The various types of tropias can be categorized in a number of ways. Broadly, they can be considered as comitant or incomitant. Surgery is generally the preferred treatment for tropias unless there is a reason not to perform surgery (see above). Therefore prisms for tropias are generally used as a temporizing measure until surgery can be performed.

    In general, the measurement and treatment of tropias parallel those of phorias, as discussed above. A 30- to 45-minute patch test can be especially useful in uncovering the full deviation. When measuring incomitant deviations with prisms with each eye “fixing,” it is imperative to switch the prism to always be before the non-fixing eye. Otherwise the “fixing” eye behind the prism will not truly be looking in the intended direction, and major measurement errors can occur. For comitant strabismus, a prism adaptation test can be helpful to help determine treatment. For incomitant strabismus, prisms may be helpful to move an area of single vision to straight ahead.

    Anisometropia

    Often when patients with anisometropia receive a new pair of glasses, they will complain of double vision, particularly while reading. This double vision is due to the differential prismatic effects of the two lenses when the patient is looking off-center as when reading (as per Prentice’s Rule). In order to improve reading vision, vertical prism can be incorporated into the lower portion of one lens or the other to help compensate for the differential vertical prismatic effect and lessen or eliminate the double vision. These prisms are referred to as slab-off or reverse-slab prisms. The slab-off prism is placed on the more minus or less plus lens, more commonly on glass lenses, and in effect takes away base-down prism (adds base-up prism). The reverse-slab prism is placed on the more plus or less minus lens, most commonly on molded plastic lenses, and adds base-down prism.

    Rather than a calculation of the amount of slab-off or reverse-slab prism to prescribe, trial-and-error measurements are preferred because one does not know how much the patient has already compensated to previous anisometropic glasses. Increasing the amount of prism handheld over the lower portion of one lens of the anisometropic correction until the patient can read comfortably is the most reliable way to determine the amount of slab-off or reverse-slab prism to prescribe. Up to 4∆ to 6∆ of slab-off or reverse-slab effect can be obtained when needed.

    Pearls and Pitfalls in Measuring Deviations

    When prisms are used to measure a strabismic deviation in a patient, several easily avoidable mistakes are commonly made.

    Positioning

    The position in which the prism is held can be critical when measuring a patient’s deviation. There are three intended positions for holding prisms: the Prentice position, the minimum deviation position, and the frontal plane position (Figure 6). Glass prisms are calibrated for the Prentice position and should be held in this manner when making measurements. Plastic prisms, including plastic prism bars, are generally calibrated for the minimum deviation position. As it is difficult to estimate accurately the minimum deviation position, the frontal plane position is a good approximation when using plastic prisms.

    Adding Prisms

    Stacking two prisms in the same direction, especially if one is of high power, can also lead to errors because of the same positioning issues mentioned above. If the two prisms are held in contact with each other, even if the first prism is held in the correct position, the second prism will not be in the correct position in relation to the light leaving the first prism. This will create a stronger prism effect than the sum of the two prisms, leading to a falsely low measurement. If the sum of the two prisms is prescribed, or surgery is based on the prism measurement, the patient will be left undercorrected. It is difficult to estimate accurately the correct position of the second prism in relation to the first, and it is therefore more accurate to simply stack the prisms together and use a conversion table to add their true effects.

    Splitting Prisms Between the Two Eyes

    One might assume that one way to avoid the difficulties of stacking two prisms is to split the prisms between the two eyes and add the powers together. Although this may work for low prism powers, it becomes increasingly inaccurate with increasing prism power. Splitting prisms is preferred over stacking two prisms together in the same direction before one eye, but again using a table of summed prism values is preferred to avoid errors.

    Simple Method for Calculating Oblique Prism

    There is a simple method to calculate oblique prism from combining a horizontal prism with a vertical prism that does not require trigonometric calculations and requires only a piece of paper, a ruler, a pen or pencil, and the protractor on a phoropter or trial frame.

    First, sketch the vector addition of the two prism powers on polar coordinates to determine the approximate angle for the base direction of the oblique prism. Up is base-up, and right is base-in or base-out depending on which eye the prism is intended for.

    Then measure off the number of prism diopters of the two component prisms on two adjacent edges of a piece of paper. (One can use any unit for this measurement, but the unit must be consistent. For example, if you have two prisms, one of 3∆ and the second 2∆, measure off 3 cm/inches/etc on one edge and 2 cm/inches/etc on the other edge). Connect the two measurement marks with a line, forming a triangle. Now measure the length of the connecting line you just drew, the hypotenuse of the triangle. This will give you the number of prism diopters for your oblique prism.

    Then fold the paper along the hypotenuse, identify the acute angle of the triangle that you estimated using your polar coordinate plot, and measure this angle using the protractor on the phoropter or trial frame, giving you the base direction of the oblique prism.

    Uncommon but Important Uses for Prisms Childhood Cranial Nerve Palsies (Third, Fourth, and Sixth Cranial Nerves)

    For children with cranial nerve palsies, early treatment is important to prevent amblyopia. Prisms may be used for small, reasonably comitant deviations in order to maintain binocular function. A test with temporary plastic Fresnel prisms is recommended prior to grinding prisms into the child’s lenses. Treatment of a recognized underlying cause is essential, and if prism therapy fails, surgery should be considered.

    Prisms for Enhancing Communication

    For patients with no useful vision in the deviated eye, prisms can be extremely helpful in improving the appearance of the eyes and facilitating the patients’ communication and interaction with others by alleviating difficulties with eye contact. A prism held opposite the direction of a correcting prism can improve the apparent alignment of the eyes (ie, base-in for esotropia and base-out for exotropia). Expect approximately 1 mm of apparent eye shift for every 8∆ of prism power.

    Homonymous hemianopia

    Prisms (or mirrors) may be used in patients with homonymous hemianopia to bring images from an area within the visual field defect into the area with retained vision. Although this may be useful on occasion, generally very high prism powers are required, which can create cosmetic problems as well as a confusing visual environment in which objects may appear and disappear from view unexpectedly.

    Hemispatial neglect

    Patients who experience right hemisphere strokes often experience left hemispatial neglect. Recent studies have shown that yoked prisms which move both visual fields to the opposite side (to the right) improve function in these patients. The mechanism for this improvement is believed to be that in order to compensate for the shifted binocular visual field, the patient must remap his or her sensorimotor coordinates leftward, and this has been shown to improve function on the neglected left side.

    Nystagmus with head turn

    Patients with a head turn to compensate for nystagmus can benefit from yoked prisms, but just as with patients with homonymous hemianopia, they will often require very high prism powers which may lead to decrease in visual acuity (especially with Fresnel prisms), chromatic aberration, heavy lenses, and cosmetic problems, as well as the visual disturbances described above. In spite of these problems, prescription of bilateral yoked prisms, with base in the same direction as the head turn, can keep the patient’s eyes in an eccentric null position while lessening the head turn.

    Head/neck position problems

    Patients with head or neck positioning problems, such as patients with severe ankylosing spondylitis, may benefit from prisms. In patients with an orthopedic chin-down posture, for example, bilateral equal-power, base-up “yoked” prisms can allow for improvement in straight-ahead vision and thereby facilitate mobility.

  • Log In Forgot password | Forgot email
  • The Academy Store
    Focal Points 2020 Complete Set
    2021 Coding Coach: Complete Ophthalmic Coding Reference 
    2021 CPT: Complete Pocket Ophthalmic Reference
    2021 Retina Coding: Complete Reference Guide
    2021 Fundamentals of Ophthalmic Coding
    2021 CPT Professional Edition 
    2021 HCPCS Level ll Professional Edition
    2021 Coding Assistant: Cataract and Anterior Segment
    2021 Coding Assistant: Cornea
    2021 Coding Assistant: Glaucoma
    2021 Coding Assistant: Oculofacial
    2021 Coding Assistant: Pediatrics/Strabismus
    2021 Coding Assistant for Subspecialties 
    Recorded Webinar: 2021 Ophthalmology Coding Update
    Webinar: 2021 Ophthalmology Coding Update
    Ophthalmology Journal
    Ophthalmology Retina Journal
    Focal Points Member Benefit
    2021 ICD-10-CM for Ophthalmology: The Complete Reference 
    Conquering New E-M Documentation Guidelines for Ophthalmology
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course Complete Set
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course Residency Set
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 01: Update on General Medicine
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 02: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 03: Clinical Optics
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 04: Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 05: Neuro-Ophthalmology
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 06: Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 07: Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery
    2020-2021 Basic and Clinical Science Course, Section 08: External Disease and Cornea
 
  • Contact Us
  • About the Academy
  • Jobs at the Academy
  • Financial Relationships with Industry
  • Medical Disclaimer
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms of Service
  • Help
  • For Advertisers
  • For Media
  • Ophthalmology Job Center

OUR SITES

  • EyeWiki
  • International Society of Refractive Surgery

FOLLOW THE ACADEMY

Medical Professionals

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • YouTube

Public & Patients

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • YouTube

Museum of the Eye

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Instagram
  • Trip Advisor
  • Yelp
© American Academy of Ophthalmology 2021