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In the pediatric setting, blepharitis often induces a secondary immune-mediated keratitis and conjunctivitis, and the spectrum of the clinical manifestations has been termed blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC). Sight-threatening corneal complications include neovascularization, scarring, and ulceration.

Dr. Jason Mantagos discusses the use of amniotic membrane for ocular surface disorders in the pediatric population, including mechanism of action, amniotic membrane properties, availability, indications, and use in pediatric ophthalmology.

International experts share their experience of school-based myopia intervention in China, Taiwan, the United States, Poland, and Colombia.

Dr. Shieh discusses a variety of subjects related to pediatric aniridia and limbal stem cell deficiency in children including classification and diagnosis, medically reversible disease, maternal serum eye drops, and autologous blood in the treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defects.

Dr. Boente moderates this virtual journal club with Drs. Areaux, Ali, and Paysse. Articles included: Anatomic and visual outcomes of corneal transplantation during infancy (Raymond G. Areaux Jr., MD); Treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy with minimally invasive corneal neurotisation: long-term clinical outcomes and evidence of corneal reinnervation (Asim Ali, MD); and Corneal indices following photorefractive keratectomy in children at least 5 years after surgery (Evelyn A. Paysse, MD).

Dr. Friedman moderates this virtual journal club with Drs. Reem, Daikonis, and Jung. Articles included: Diagnostic criteria in pediatric intracranial hypertension (Rachel Reem, MD); Long-term outcomes of corneal cross-linking for keratoconus in pediatric patients (Vasilios F. Diakonis, MD, PhD); and Validation of WINROP for detecting retinopathy of prematurity in a North American cohort of preterm infants (Jennifer L. Jung, MD).

Pediatric dry eye disease has been considered a rare condition, because of a lack of high-evidence epidemiological and normative data, a poor consensus on the diagnostic algorithm, difficulties in symptom quantification and interpretation, and attention focused on the hyposecretive form of the disease. However, recent reports and studies have shed light on the importance of the disease.

Moderator Erick D. Bothun, MD, introduces the session London Fog: What Am I Doing Differently in Pediatric Anterior Segment?

This lecture from Pediatric Ophthalmology 2017 looks at the advantages of crosslinking over both penetrating and anterior lamellar keratoplasty in children diagnosed with keratoconus.