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Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder involving the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in which there is fatigue of the skeletal musculature, which is potentially life threatening. It is estimated that between 10% and 15% of the cases of myasthenia occur in the pediatric population.

Dr. Friedman moderates this virtual journal club with Drs. Reem, Daikonis, and Jung. Articles included: Diagnostic criteria in pediatric intracranial hypertension (Rachel Reem, MD); Long-term outcomes of corneal cross-linking for keratoconus in pediatric patients (Vasilios F. Diakonis, MD, PhD); and Validation of WINROP for detecting retinopathy of prematurity in a North American cohort of preterm infants (Jennifer L. Jung, MD).

In this presentation from the Pediatric Ophthalmology Subspecialty Day 2019, Dr. Monte Del Monte presents a case of 7-year-old otherwise healthy girl presents with outward deviation of her left eye and drooping of her left eyelid since early infancy.

In this presentation from the Pediatric Ophthalmology Subspecialty Day 2019, Drs. Audrey Gilbert and Jane Edmond present arguments for and against requiring neuroimaging for children with acute comitant esotropia.

This study assessed the prevalence and incidence of demyelinating optic neuritis and risk of multiple sclerosis in South Korea.

Comitant, painless, diplopia without ductional deficit is usually a benign sheep in childhood, but beware acute acquired comitant esotropia, retinal hemifield slide phenomenon, and central versus peripheral rivalry.

Demyelinating optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve; it may be part of a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or associated with a systemic demyelinating disease. The clinical presentation and neuroimaging must exclude demyelinating diseases such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis optica to be classified as CIS.

Ocular motor research in the past half-century has produced remarkable advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the several types of nystagmus seen in infancy and childhood. Research results to better enable the clinician to make accurate diagnoses and provide safe and effective treatment are discussed in this chapter.

An 83-year-old is referred by her ophthalmologist for increasing vertical diplopia worse at near.