Nasolacrimal duct obstruction is usually caused by persistence of a membrane at the distal valve of Hasner. The primary symptoms are epiphora and periocular crusting and discharge due to infection of the lacrimal system. Various surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for children are discussed.

Orbital cellulitis is a serious infection occurring most commonly in children. It can result in grave complications, including blindness, brain abscess, and death. This learning plan reviews the disease process, diagnostic workup, and treatment considerations especially in the case of a drug-resistant infection.

Investigators suggest modifying the Chandler classification system for children with orbital cellulitis to use both clinical and radiological information.

Weekly case challenge

This small, retrospective case series reports on the successful use of a new muscle transposition procedure to treat abducens palsy without performing tenotomy or splitting transposed muscles.