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  • Diversity and Inclusion Education

  • This page is the result of an effort to create a diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) toolkit to assist ophthalmology residents and faculty learn the data and available information to take a critical look at the structures and processes at play that lead to underrepresentation of Black, Hispanic, and Native American ophthalmologists in our community and the impact that lack of diversity has in healthcare outcomes for our patients. This toolkit also aims to enhance education and diversity initiatives with regard to gender, sexual orientation and gender identity, socioeconomic status, and disability. The toolkit was curated by Ambar Faridi, MD; Fasika A. Woreta, MD; and Laura K. Green, MD.

    2022–2023 Basic and Clinical Science Course: Section 1, Update on General Medicine

    Chapter 17: Social Determinants of Health

    This BCSC chapter is part of the minor revision of Section 1 that will be published in June 2022. It presents an evolving, high-level overview of social determinants of health and serves as a preview of the full-length version of the text that will be included in the 2023–2024 major revision.

    Unconscious Bias Text Message Course

    Choose a channel and say “Hi” to begin the course:

    • US SMS: (202) 217-4768
    • Web widget
    • Microsoft Teams

    Journal Club

    Health and Racial Disparity in Medicine Journal Articles

    • Racism & Health February 2022 Issue of Health Affairs https://www.healthaffairs.org/toc/hlthaff/41/2
    • Anti-racism in Medicine Collection https://www.mededportal.org/anti-racism
    • Addressing Disparities in Eye Care—The Time Is Now (JAMA Ophthalmology August 2021, First of the Viewpoint series). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/2782555
    • Addressing Disparities in Ophthalmic Research—The Time Is Now (JAMA Ophthalmology October 2021, Part of the Viewpoint series). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/2785453
    • Elevating Social Determinants of Health and Community Engagement in Eye Care—The Time Is Now (JAMA Ophthalmology March 2022, Part of the Viewpoint series). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/2790380
    • Elevating Social Determinants of Health and Community Engagement in Eye Care—The Time is Now (JAMA Ophthalmology March 2022, Part of the Viewpoint series). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/2790380?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=2767353
    • Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Ophthalmology Clinical Trials Resulting in US Food and Drug Administration Drug Approvals from 2000 to 2020 (JAMA Ophthalmology April 2021). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2778782 
    • Critical Importance of Diversity and Inclusion in Medical Product Development (JAMA Ophthalmology April 2021). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2778784
    • Association Between Sex Composition and Publication Productivity of Journal Editorial and Professional Society Board Members in Ophthalmology (JAMA Ophthalmology 2020). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2763362
    • Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PLoS One, 2015). Review of numerous studies (1983-2013) demonstrating that racism is consistently associated with poorer mental health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580597/
    • COVID-related racial disparities
      • Stolen Breaths (NEJM) : https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2021072
      • COVID-19 & Racial/Ethnic Disparities (JAMA) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2766098
      • COVID-19 and the other pandemic: populations made vulnerable by systemic inequity (Nature Reviews) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0330-8
    • How Academia Should Respond to Racism (Nature Reviews, 2020) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-020-0349-x
    • Eradicating Racial Injustice in Medicine—If Not Now, When? (JAMA 2020) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768353
    • Beyond a Moment – Reckoning with Our History and Embracing Antiracism in Medicine (NEJM 2020) https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2021812
    • Hidden in Plain Sight – Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms (NEJM 2020) https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms2004740
    • Structural Competency: Curriculum for Medical Students, Residents, & Interprofessional Teams on the Structural Factors that Produce Health Disparities (AAMC, 2020) https://www.mededportal.org/doi/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10888
    • Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions (Lancet 2017) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361730569X?via%3Dihub#cesec150
    • Structural Racism – A 60 year old Black Woman with Breast Cancer (NEJM 2019) https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1811499
    • How Medical Education Is Missing the Bull’s Eye (NEJM, 2020) https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1915891?query=recirc_inIssue_bottom_article
    • Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Implications for Clinical Practice (American Psychologist, 2007) https://www.cpedv.org/sites/main/files/file-attachments/how_to_be_an_effective_ally-lessons_learned_microaggressions.pdf
    • The Astounding Breadth of Health Disparity: Phenome-Wide Effects of Race on Disease Risk (Journal of the National Medical Association, 2020)  https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0027968420301747?token=CCF699E21CED896B5F54D6982ADC18941344CFABCED568283E11F8D973A1565DDB8E6C1029973533D3A3340F00E0578C
    • Racial Disparity in the Use of Surgical Procedures in the US (JAMA Surgery 2021) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/2775061
    • MedEdPORTAL's Anti-racism in Medicine Collection https://www.mededportal.org/anti-racism?fbclid=IwAR1yLMG3JkI7hM82n6MuvEe8tcVTEsOKsNQ9FS9taM6HprbGOSI5oAdCV1M

    Journal Articles on Health Equity and Diversity Provided by the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Leadership Development Program Class XXI, Class of 2019

    Health Equity:

    • Mike, E. V., & Laroche, D. (2020). Preserving Vision in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Focus on Health Equity. Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 14, 2073–2077. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S262586
    • Greenwood, B. N., Hardeman, R. R., Huang, L., & Sojourner, A. (2020). Physician-patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 201913405. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913405117
    • Rajeshuni, N., Whittemore, A. S., Ludwig, C. A., Mruthyunjaya, P., & Moshfeghi, D. M. (2019). Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Retinoblastoma Enucleation: A Population-Based Study, SEER 18 2000-2014. American journal of ophthalmology, 207, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.04.015
    • Wang, S. Y., Hamid, M. S., Musch, D. C., & Woodward, M. A. (2018). Utilization of Ophthalmologist Consultation for Emergency Care at a University Hospital. JAMA ophthalmology, 136(4), 428–431. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.0250
    • Elam, A. R., Andrews, C., Musch, D. C., Lee, P. P., & Stein, J. D. (2017). Large Disparities in Receipt of Glaucoma Care between Enrollees in Medicaid and Those with Commercial Health Insurance. Ophthalmology, 124(10), 1442–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.003
    • Qiu, M., Wang, S. Y., Singh, K., & Lin, S. C. (2014). Racial disparities in uncorrected and undercorrected refractive error in the United States. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 55(10), 6996–7005. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.13-12662
    • Zhang, X., Cotch, M. F., Ryskulova, A., Primo, S. A., Nair, P., Chou, C. F., Geiss, L. S., Barker, L. E., Elliott, A. F., Crews, J. E., & Saaddine, J. B. (2012). Vision health disparities in the United States by race/ethnicity, education, and economic status: findings from two nationally representative surveys. American journal of ophthalmology, 154(6 Suppl), S53–62.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2011.08.045
    • Elam, A. R., & Lee, P. P. (2013). High-risk populations for vision loss and eye care underutilization: a review of the literature and ideas on moving forward. Survey of ophthalmology, 58(4), 348–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.07.005
    • Zambelli-Weiner, A., Crews, J. E., & Friedman, D. S. (2012). Disparities in adult vision health in the United States. American journal of ophthalmology, 154(6 Suppl), S23–30.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2012.03.018

    Diversity:

    • Olivier, M., Forster, S., Carter, K. D., Cruz, O. A., & Lee, P. P. (2020). Lighting a Pathway: The Minority Ophthalmology Mentoring Program. Ophthalmology, 127(7), 848–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.02.021
    • Doll, KM and Thomas, CR. (2020). Structural Solutions for the Rarest of the Rare — Underrepresented-Minority Faculty in Medical Subspecialties. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(9); 283-285. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2003544
    • Lett, L. A., Orji, W. U., & Sebro, R. (2018). Declining racial and ethnic representation in clinical academic medicine: A longitudinal study of 16 US medical specialties. PloS one, 13(11), e0207274. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0207274
    • Xierali, I. M., Nivet, M. A., & Wilson, M. R. (2016). Current and Future Status of Diversity in Ophthalmologist Workforce. JAMA ophthalmology, 134(9), 1016–1023. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.2257

    Book Club

    • Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison by Allen M. Hornblum
    • An American Health Dilemma by W. Michael Byrd and Linda A. Clayton
    • Bad Blood by James H. Jones
    • Bones in the Basement: Postmortem Racism in Nineteenth-Century Medical by Robert Blakely and Judith M. Harrington
    • Forty Years of Medical Racism: The Tuskegee Experiments by Michael Uschan
    • Just Medicine: A Cure for Racial Inequality in American Health Care by Dayna Bowen Matthew 
    • Killing the Black Body by Dorothy Roberts 
    • Making a Place for Ourselves by Vanessa Northington Gamble
    • Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative 
    • Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on African Americans from Colonial Times to the Present by Harriet Washington
    • Medical Bondage by Deirdre Cooper
    • Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth by Dána Ain Davis
    • The Health Gap by Michael Marmot
    • The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot
    • The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War by Eileen Welsome
    • The Treatment: The Story of Those Who Died in the Cincinnati Radiation Tests by Martha Stephens
    • Tuskegee's Truths: Rethinking the Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Susan M. Reverby
    • Waking Up Blind by Tom Harbin, MD

    Recruitment Central

    • Navigating Bias on Interview Day: Strategies for Charting an Inclusive and Equitable Course: https://meridian.allenpress.com/jgme/article/13/4/466/469312/Navigating-Bias-on-Interview-Day-Strategies-for
    • Interviewed While Black (NEJM 2020): https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2023999
    • Strategies to Recruit Diverse Candidates and Practice Holistic Review:
      • Improving Diversity in Pediatric Residency Selection: Using an Equity Framework to Implement Holistic Review (J Graduate Medical Education 2021) https://meridian.allenpress.com/jgme/article/13/2/195/461706/Improving-Diversity-in-Pediatric-Residency
      • Bridging the Gap: Holistic Review to Increase Diversity in Graduate Medical Education (Academic Medicine 2019): https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2019/08000/Bridging_the_Gap__Holistic_Review_to_Increase.28.aspx
      • Increasing Resident Diversity in an Emergency Medicine Residency Program: A Pilot Intervention With Three Principal Strategies (Academic Medicine 2016): https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2016/07000/Increasing_Resident_Diversity_in_an_Emergency.24.aspx
      • Use of the Interview in Resident Candidate Selection: A Review of the Literature (Journal of Graduate Medical Education 2015): https://meridian.allenpress.com/jgme/article/7/4/539/178959/Use-of-the-Interview-in-Resident-Candidate
      • Swipe Right for Surgical Residency: Exploring the Unconscious Bias in Resident Selection (Surgery 2020):  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0039606020303147?via%3Dihub
    • AAMC Unconscious Bias Resources and Training: https://www.aamc.org/what-we-do/diversity-inclusion/unconscious-bias-training 
      • Unconscious Bias: What To Do About It in the Search and Recruitment Process – A Presentation for Search Committees in Academic Medicine (video link above) and Facilitator’s Guide designed for individuals who may wish to lead a group in discussion about the AAMC’s seminar on unconscious bias: https://www.aamc.org/media/48936/download
    • AAMC Holistic Review Primer:  https://www.aamc.org/services/member-capacity-building/holistic-review
      • Videos – Holistic Principles in Resident Selection – An Introduction and Application of Holistic Principles in Resident Selection: https://www.aamc.org/services/member-capacity-building/holistic-review#program
    • AAMC Best Practices for Conducting Residency Program Interviews:  https://www.aamc.org/system/files/2020-05/best%20practices%20for%20conducting%20residency%20program%20interviews.pdf
    • Eyes For Ears: The Minority Ophthalmology Mentorship Program with Drs. Keith Carter and Paul Lee on Apple Podcasts: Keith Carter and Dr. Paul Lee discuss why diversity in our profession matters and how that relates to equitable patient care.  They also discuss holistic application review and recruitment practices, plus the Academy’s Minority Ophthalmology Mentorship Program. https://eyes4ears.podbean.com/e/the-minority-ophthalmology-mentorship-program-with-drs-keith-carter-and-paul-lee/
    • Harvard Implicit Bias Tests: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatestv3.html

    Retention Central

    • The 10 Commitments Companies Must Make to Advance Racial Justice (Harvard Business Review 2020) https://hbr.org/2020/06/the-10-commitments-companies-must-make-to-advance-racial-justice?utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter_monthly&utm_campaign=leadership_not_activesubs&deliveryName=DM86546
    • Structural Solutions for the Rarest of the Rare: Underrepresented-Minority Faculty in Medical Subspecialties (NEJM 2020) https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms2003544
    • Improving Racial Diversity in Ophthalmology Workforce: A Call to Action for Leaders in Ophthalmology (AJO 2020): https://www.ajo.com/article/S0002-9394(20)30575-4/fulltext
    • Keeping Our Promise — Supporting Trainees from Groups That Are Underrepresented in Medicine
      https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2105270
    • Ophthalmology Departments Remain Among the Least Diverse Clinical Departments at US Medical Schools (Ophthalmology 2021) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642021000129?dgcid=rss_sd_all
    • Diversity in Ophthalmology: Examining the State of Diversity in Ophthalmology and How to Build a More Inclusive Field – Glaucoma Today, March/April 2021: http://v2.glaucomatoday.com/pdfs/0321GT_F2.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0zjsb6EVzmITJHA9UsDR_BwvZ-eM72jDrCqUnQxVvgC3UXx5v7XXPqokA
    • More Than Words: A Vision to Address Bias and Reduce Discrimination in the Health Professions Learning Environment (Academic Medicine 2020): https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2020/12001/More_Than_Words__A_Vision_to_Address_Bias_and.28.aspx
    • Addressing Disparities in Academic Medicine: What of the Minority Tax? (BMC Medical Educ 2015): https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-015-0290-9
    • With a follow-up commentary: Perspectives From Two Diversity Leaders on Building Minority Faculty Success in Academic Medicine (Academic Medicine 2019) https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2019/12000/addressing_the_minority_tax__perspectives_from_two.13.aspx
    • Addressing Workforce Diversity – A Quality Improvement Framework (NEJM March 20210 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2032224
    • Eleven Things Not to Say to Your Female Colleagues (Headache 2019) : https://headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/head.13647
    • Covered But Not Sterile: Reflections on Being a Hijabi in Medicine and Surgery. (Annals of Surgery 2021): https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Fulltext/2021/03000/Covered,_but_Not_Sterile__Reflections_on_Being_a.34.aspx
    • How Small Differences in Assessed Clinical Performance Amplify to Large Differences in Grades and Awards: A Cascade with Serious Consequences for Students Underrepresented in Medicine (Academic Medicine 2018): https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2018/09000/How_Small_Differences_in_Assessed_Clinical.16.aspx
    • Racial Disparities in Medical Student Membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society (JAMA Internal Medicine 2017): https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2607210

    Webinars and Talks

    Numerous articles and books on diversity, equity, and inclusion are available, but this can lead to information paralysis and asking ourselves, “Where do we start?” The following webinars and TED talks are an excellent starting point for residents and faculty to launch discussions and education in this area. We suggest using the talks as pre-work or homework before a live and interactive flipped classroom session. Subsequent discussions may stem from journal articles and other resources on this site.

    • Racism: The Ultimate Underlying Condition; produced by American Public Health Association.
    • A Question of Color: Understanding Racial Injustice, Healthcare Disparities, and Glaucoma, Webinar by American Glaucoma Society, Virtual Journal Club, 10/2020.
    • AAMC Webinars – Achieving Inclusion Excellence.
    • Josiah Macy Foundation Webinars: The Macy Foundation - Taking Action on Harmful Bias and Discrimination in Clinical Learning Environments.
    • LGBTQ+ Inclusion in Health Professions Learning Environments - YouTube.</a
    • How to Talk to Transgender Patients - American Academy of Ophthalmology (aao.org).
    • American Academy of Pediatrics Webinars on Child Health Equity.
    • TED Talks:
      • What does implicit bias mean to you?   
      • How is it different from explicit bias – which do you think is more dangerous?
      • How can we have a preventive response to implicit bias than an emergency response?
      • Take an implictbias test on Project Implicit (Harvard site): https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/selectatest.html  
      • The Difference Between Being "Not Racist" and Antiracist – Dr. Ibram X. Kendi (~1 hour): https://www.ted.com/talks/ibram_x_kendi_the_difference_between_being_not_racist_and_antiracist?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare
      • Unconscious Gender Bias and its Impact on Imposter Syndrome in Women – Dr. Tanya Trinh (22 min): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5pf-2SrWRk
      • Honoring Indigenous Cultures and Histories – Jill Fish (17 min): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VL_6f0G8ow
      • We All Have Implicit Biases. So,What Can We Do About It? - Dushaw Hockett (12 min):  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKHSJHkPeLY&trk=organization-update-content_share-video-embed_share-article_title  
        • What does implicit bias mean to you?   
        • How is implicit bias different from explicit bias – which do you think is more dangerous?
        • How can we have a preventive response to implicit bias rather than an emergency response?
      • Implicit Bias, Stereotype Threat, and Higher Ed – Russell Mcclain (11 min): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yiZQaE0q9BY 
      • Just Belonging: Finding the Courage to Interrupt Bias – Kori Carew (19 min): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIf43L6hNkM

    Training Modules

    • Unconscious Bias in Medicine Course From Stanford Access instructions: Stanford UBM Course Access.pdf
    • ACGME Equity Matters

    Other Content

    • Tools for Responding to Patient-Initiated Verbal Sexual Harassment from Eyerounds.org
    • Harvard Implicit Bias Test: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatestv3.html 
    • American Public Health Association – Creating the Healthiest Nation: Health and Housing Equity. Racial Inequality in Housing and its Implications for Health Disparities: https://www.apha.org/-/media/files/pdf/topics/equity/health_and_housing_equity.ashx?la=en&hash=FEDA5CD7041C72CBA783AB614E5EC20CAA040DCA 
    • Jane Elliot’s blue eye – brown eye experiment.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGvoXeXCoUY 
    • Harvard Medical School’s Office for Diversity Inclusion and Community Partnership website.  https://dicp.hms.harvard.edu/?fbclid=IwAR0CIxS3yPe55fmTk9TOfyzU4L4lH-uXanH6A7ll1DSoR2Y3Y_wSZqB8oxc.  For anti-racism resources, visit this section of the website:  https://dicp.hms.harvard.edu/resources-anti-racism   
    • A Data-Driven Approach to Addressing Racial Disparities in Health Care Outcomes (Harvard Business Review 2020) https://hbr.org/2020/07/a-data-driven-approach-to-addressing-racial-disparities-in-health-care-outcomes?utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter_monthly&utm_campaign=technology_not_activesubs&deliveryName=DM92305 
    • Medical Students Propose a New Hippocratic Oath – Asking Doctors to Fight Racial Injustice and Misinformation https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/04/929233492/a-new-hippocratic-oath-asks-doctors-to-fight-racial-injustice-and-misinformation?fbclid=IwAR2LoBdhA83P5XSUlfVVmAaKChwtMm0b1TIGJA-kYDCdhE2mSvcti9bWatY 
    • Medical students seek anti-racist education https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/racism-medical-school-health-disparity/2020/11/06/6608aa7c-1d1f-11eb-90dd-abd0f7086a91_story.html?fbclid=IwAR3cF5BhhY5DD4aPHxHTVCD2jFv9Um6OIfL7AgmWOZnJHUudGrs6EXQwrnM
    • How to Respond to Patient-Initiated Sexual Harassment? https://eyerounds.org/tutorials/sexual-harassment-toolkit/index.htm
    • Black Men in White Coats: https://www.blackmeninwhitecoats.org and https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/drdale/black-men-in-white-coats-the-film

    Resources on Implicit Bias and Microaggressions

    Implicit bias:

    • Kirwan Institute 2016 Implicit Bias Review http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/my-product/2016-state-of-the-science-implicit-bias-review/
    • Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
    • Greenwald, A., & Krieger, L. (2006). Implicit Bias: Scientific Foundations. California Law Review, 94(4), 945-967. doi:10.2307/20439056
    • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux
    • Bertrand, Marianne, Dolly Chugh, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2005. "Implicit Discrimination." American Economic Review, 95 (2): 94-98. DOI: 10.1257/000282805774670365
    • Project Implicit. (2020). Retrieved 25 June 2020, from https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/  
    • Mitigating Bias in Virtual Interviews for Applicants Who are Underrepresented in Medicine (J of National Medical Association, 2020) https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0027968420301516?token=CAC30EB4DFEE978BF5DDAE62F0B368D88E376AFCCC2729844CB56B7981608A772CFC21DEBC796F751AB544AF09C311C0

    Microaggressions:

    • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
    • Gloria Ladson-Billings - National Academy of Education. (2020). Retrieved 25 June 2020, from https://naeducation.org/our-members/gloria-ladson-billings/  
    • Nadal, K.L., Griffin, K.E., Wong, Y., Hamit, S. and Rasmus, M. (2014), The Impact of Racial Microaggressions on Mental Health: Counseling Implications for Clients of Color. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92: 57-66. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00130.x
    • Baker, R., Dee, T., Evans, B., & John, J. (2018). Bias in Online Classes: Evidence from a Field Experiment.
    • Wood, J.L., Urias, M.V. and Harris, F., III (2016), Establishing a Research Center: The Minority Male Community College Collaborative (M2C3). New Directions for Institutional Research, 2015: 65-77. doi:10.1002/ir.20161
    • All of Dr. Wood’s publications https://jlukewood.com/scholarly-publications/

    ACGME Requirements

    The ACGME requires that all residency programs educate residents in the following areas that pertain to diversity and inclusion. As of the 2020 ACGME Resident Survey, questions are asked that relate to education in these areas.

     ACGME Ophthalmology Program Requirements 7.1.2020

    https://acgme.org/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/240_Ophthalmology_2020_July.pdf?ver=2020-06-30-144437-230

    Introduction. A.

    Residents learn to provide optimal patient care under supervision of faculty members who not only instruct, but serve as role models of excellence, compassion, professionalism, and scholarship.

    Graduate medical education transforms medical students into physician scholars who care for the whole patient, family, and a diverse community.

    Graduate medical education develops physicians who focus on excellence in delivery of safe, equitable, affordable, quality care; and the health of the populations they serve.

    Graduate medical education values the strength that a diverse group of physicians brings to medical care.

    I.A.

    Background and Intent: Participating sites will reflect the health care needs of the community and the educational needs of residents.

    I.C.

    Background and Intent: It is expected that the Sponsoring Institution has, and programs implement, policies and procedures related to recruitment and retention of minorities underrepresented in medicine and medical leadership in accordance with the Sponsoring Institution’s mission and aims. The program’s annual evaluation must include an assessment on the program’s efforts to recruit and retain a diverse workforce, as noted in V.C.1.c).(5).(c).

    II.A.4.a).(13)

    The program director must ensure the program’s compliance with the Sponsoring Institution’s policies and procedures on employment and non-discrimination.

    IV.B.1.a).(1).(e)

    Residents must demonstrate competence in respect and responsiveness to diverse patient populations, including but not limited to diversity in gender, age, culture, race, religion, disabilities, national origin, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation.

    V.C.1.c).(5).(a-c)

    The Program Evaluation Committee should consider the following elements in its assessment of the program: aggregate resident and faculty well-being; recruitment and retention; workforce diversity.

    VI..B.6

    Programs, in partnership with their Sponsoring Institutions, must provide a professional, equitable, respectful, and civil environment that is free from discrimination, sexual and other forms of harassment, mistreatment, abuse, or coercion of students, residents, faculty, and staff.

    VI.B.7

    Programs, in partnership with their Sponsoring Institutions, should have a process for education of residents and faculty regarding unprofessional behavior and a confidential process for reporting, investigating, and addressing such concerns.

    VI.C. Background and Intent

    The ACGME is committed to addressing physician well-being for individuals and as it relates to the learning and working environment. The creation of a learning and working environment with a culture of respect and accountability for physician well-being is crucial to physicians’ ability to deliver the safest, best possible care to patients. The ACGME is leveraging its resources in four key areas to support the ongoing focus on physician well-being: education, influence, research, and collaboration.


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