Radiation therapy was pioneered as a treatment for retinoblastoma in the early 20th century, but treatment side effects include craniofacial deformities, cataracts, and optic neuropathy, as well as the demonstrated risk of secondary malignancies. This spurred treatment cente…

The etiology and genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Stargardt disease, Best disease, oculocutaneous albinism, and X-linked retinoschisis are discussed in this chapter.

Childhood uveitis is a complex condition fraught with challenges in thorough examination, delays in diagnosis, and high ocular morbidity. It is less common than adult uveitis and accounts for 5%–10% of all uveitis seen in tertiary referral clinics.

Vertically incomitant pattern strabismus is used to describe the type of strabismus wherein the amount of horizontal deviation changes during the excursion of the eye from upgaze to downgaze. The pathophysiology of this phenomenon is multifactorial and has been attributed to…

Aicardi syndrome (AS) is a triad of features: agenesis of corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae, and infantile spasms. The etiology of Aicardi syndrome is unknown; however, the disorder is almost always seen in females and is thought to be a de novo mutation on the X-chromo…

Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a unique restrictive type of strabismus characterized by co-contraction of the medial and lateral rectus muscles due to anomalous innervation of one of the extraocular muscle antagonists during embryogenesis. This chapter has been revised s…

Surgical correction for adult strabismus is occurring at an increased rate, as noted in a study comparing surgical rates between 2000 and 2014. Understanding the impact that strabismus has on patient function, independence, safety, and sense of well-being is as integral to c…

Intermittent exotropia is the most common form of strabismus, characterized by an intermittent outward deviation of the eyes. It affects as much as 1% of the population and most often presents in childhood, affecting females more than males.

Nystagmus is clinically described based on amplitude, frequency, and direction of oscillations. It can be broadly classified as physiologic or pathologic. Except for physiologic nystagmus, all forms should be considered a symptom of a condition rather than a diagnosis in its…

A parental history of an infant's early-onset strabismus must be taken carefully, and family photographs can be invaluable. Genuine infantile esotropia may have been much smaller or intermittent in the first weeks of life.