In the pediatric setting, blepharitis often induces a secondary immune-mediated keratitis and conjunctivitis, and the spectrum of the clinical manifestations has been termed blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC). Sight-threatening corneal complications include neovascularizatio…

Retinal detachments (RDs) in the pediatric population are relatively uncommon. Their etiology includes both congenital and acquired disorders. Their management can be challenging and varies significantly from traditional management in the adult population.

Uveitis prevalence is lower in children than adults; it is seen in about 30 cases per 100,000 compared to 93 per 100,000 in adults. However, despite a lower incidence of uveitis in children compared to adults, children may be more likely to suffer vision loss.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder involving the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in which there is fatigue of the skeletal musculature, which is potentially life threatening. It is estimated that between 10% and 15% of the cases of myasthenia occur in the pediatri…

CFEOM is a severe form of strabismus with deficits in ocular motility. Patients with this congenital, nonprogressive disorder have restrictive ophthalmoplegia and eye misalignment, with severe congenital ptosis and a resulting prominent chin-up head position. This disease re…

Pediatric dry eye disease has been considered a rare condition, because of a lack of high-evidence epidemiological and normative data, a poor consensus on the diagnostic algorithm, difficulties in symptom quantification and interpretation, and attention focused on the hypose…

This chapter of Pediatric Ocular Congenital Vasculopathies focuses on the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic examination, and treatment of persistent fetal vasculature, incontinentia pigmenti, and Norrie disease.

Pediatric retinal detachment (RD) is a rare and complicated disease, with a previously reported incidence that ranges from 3% to 13%. Unlike RDs in adults, pediatric RDs tend to have a chronic duration, worse presenting visual acuity, macula involvement, and proliferative vi…

Early diagnosis of ocular changes associated with amblyopia is crucial for good visual prognosis because it allows treatment to begin at a stage where the visual neurological pathways are still amenable to stimulation, recovery, and reversal of cortical damage.

Many visual processes–fixation, ocular alignment, visual acuity, mature motion detection, convergence, accommodation, convergence/accommodation linkages, stereopsis, and emmetropization--develop concurrently postnatally, and if all goes well, these processes reinforce each o…