Disease Reviews - American Academy of Ophthalmology

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1-20 of 110 results

Surgical Treatment in Pediatric Retinal Detachment

MAR 28, 2020 By Laura Andrea Torrado, MD, George D Fivgas MD

Pediatric retinal detachment (RD) is a rare and complicated disease, with a previously reported incidence that ranges from 3% to 13%. Unlike RDs in adults, pediatric RDs tend to have a chronic duration, worse presenting visual acuity, macula involvement, and proliferative vi…

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Clinical Guidelines: Childhood Nystagmus Workup

FEB 12, 2020 By Alina V Dumitrescu, MD, Brittni Ashton Scruggs, MD, Arlene V Drack MD

Nystagmus is clinically described based on amplitude, frequency, and direction of oscillations. It can be broadly classified as physiologic or pathologic. Except for physiologic nystagmus, all forms should be considered a symptom of a condition rather than a diagnosis in its…

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Amblyopia: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment, and New Perspectives

JUN 25, 2019 By Roberta M Benetti Zagui, MD, PHD

Early diagnosis of ocular changes associated with amblyopia is crucial for good visual prognosis because it allows treatment to begin at a stage where the visual neurological pathways are still amenable to stimulation, recovery, and reversal of cortical damage.

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Clinical Examination of Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision in Infants Under Six Months of Age

JUN 05, 2019 By Anna M. Horwood, PhD, DBOT

A parental history of an infant's early-onset strabismus must be taken carefully, and family photographs can be invaluable. Genuine infantile esotropia may have been much smaller or intermittent in the first weeks of life.

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Typical and Atypical Development of Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision in Infants – The Background

JUN 05, 2019 By Anna M. Horwood, PhD, DBOT

Many visual processes–fixation, ocular alignment, visual acuity, mature motion detection, convergence, accommodation, convergence/accommodation linkages, stereopsis, and emmetropization--develop concurrently postnatally, and if all goes well, these processes reinforce each o…

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Micro-invasive Glaucoma Surgery in Childhood Glaucoma

APR 18, 2019 By Ta Chen Chang MD, Kara M Cavuoto MD

In adult-onset glaucoma, surgery is offered after conservative therapies have proven inadequate, but in childhood glaucoma, surgery is frequently the first-line treatment. It stands to reason that bleb-less and hardware-free procedures may be particularly suitable for childr…

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Pediatric Demyelinating Optic Neuropathies

JUL 20, 2018 By P.G. Christakis, MD; Y.A. Reginald, MD, FRCSC

Demyelinating optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve; it may be part of a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or associated with a systemic demyelinating disease. The clinical presentation and neuroimaging must exclude demyelinating diseases such as acute dissemina…

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Refractive Development

JUL 05, 2018 By Noha S Ekdawi MD

Human refraction is leptokurtic and negatively skewed (toward myopia). There is, however, a preponderance of emmetropia in the human population as compared with refractive errors, which suggests that there is a process for emmetropization of the human eye.

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Strabismus Following Extraocular Muscle Trauma

MAY 31, 2018 By Andrea Delia Molinari MD

Trauma to the extraocular muscles will often result directly in specific ocular motility disorders that can pose a real challenge for treatment. Recent advances in orbital imaging, surgical techniques, and new information on different trauma mechanisms have improved the outc…

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Nystagmus in Infancy and Childhood

MAR 21, 2018 By Louis Frank Dell'Osso PhD

Ocular motor research in the past half-century has produced remarkable advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the several types of nystagmus seen in infancy and childhood. Research results to better enable the clinician to make accurate diagnoses and p…

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Leber Congenital Amaurosis

DEC 06, 2017 By Razek Georges Coussa, MD, Robert K Koenekoop MD PhD, Elias I Traboulsi MD

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) manifests itself in the first 6 months of life with significant visual loss and sensory, pendular nystagmus. Visual acuity (VA) in children with LCA varies significantly among patients with differing gene mutations; this variability has led i…

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Aqueous Humor as a Surrogate Tumor Biopsy for Retinoblastoma

NOV 27, 2017 By Jesse L. Berry, MD; Liya Xu, PhD; A. Linn Murphree, MD; Subramanian Krishnan, PhD; Kevin Stachelek, BS; Thomas C. Lee, MD; Anders Carlsson, PhD; Peter Kuhn, PhD; Jonathan W. Kim, MD; David Cobrinik, MD, PhD; James Hicks, PhD

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a primary intraocular cancer that develops in the eyes of young children most often under the age of 5 years.Access to the acueous humor AH of eyes with active Rb has enabled the first-ever genetic analyses of Rb tumors in situ (ie, without enucleation…

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Norrie Disease

NOV 20, 2017 By Jing Sun, BA; Robert A Sisk, MD; Elias I. Traboulsi, MD, MEd; Virginia Miraldi Utz, MD

Patients with ND present with blindness due to leukocoria caused by immature retinal cell masses (pseudogliomas) and retinal detachments at birth. Treatment strategies include early laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy to prevent retinal detachment.

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Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

NOV 20, 2017 By Mary G Kunesh, MD, W Walker Motley, MD, Virginia M Miraldi Utz, MD

Significant refractive error is found in approximately 50%-80% of children with Down syndrome, and there is substantial underaccommodation in these patients regardless of refractive error. Patients should be followed annually until age 5 evaluating for refractive errors, str…

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Anatomy of the Angle

NOV 08, 2017 By Wallace L M Alward MD, Reid A Longmuir MD

The purpose of gonioscopy is to permit visualization of the iridocorneal angle (or simply “angle”). Before exploring gonioscopic techniques and findings, it is important to review the anatomy and function of the structures of the angle.

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Gonioscopic Grading Systems

NOV 08, 2017 By Wallace L M Alward MD, Reid A Longmuir MD

Grading systems permit the recording of gonioscopic findings for communication and for future reference. The three primary alphanumeric systems that are currently used for grading the angle are those of Scheie, Shaffer, and Spaeth.

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Color Atlas of Gonioscopy

NOV 08, 2017 By Wallace L M Alward MD, Reid A Longmuir MD

Color Atlas of Gonioscopy, by Wallace L.M. Alward, MD, and Reid A. Longmuir, MD, is a brief, but comprehensive, introduction to gonioscopy. Gonioscopy is a visual science, so the greater part of the book is devoted to illustrations of gonioscopic and slit-lamp findings, norm…

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Techniques of Slit-Lamp Gonioscopy

NOV 08, 2017 By Wallace L M Alward MD, Reid A Longmuir MD

The eye should be examined carefully with the slit lamp before beginning gonioscopy. One might see a prominent Schwalbe’s line, atrophy of the iris, or evidence of previous inflammation, surgery, or trauma.

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Abnormalities Associated With a Closed Angle

NOV 08, 2017 By Wallace L M Alward MD, Reid A Longmuir MD

Among the abnormalities associated with a closed angle are pupillary block, plateau iris, aqueous misdirection, and secondary pupillary block, Hyperopic eyes are at highest risk of angle closure; such eyes have shallow anterior chambers and small corneas.

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Abnormalities Associated With an Open Angle

NOV 08, 2017 By Wallace L M Alward MD, Reid A Longmuir MD

There are no characteristic gonioscopic abnormalities in primary open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, or normal-tension glaucoma. Among the abnormalities that can occur with an open angle are pigment dispersion syndrome, and oculodermal melanocytosis.

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