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  • Narrow Your Results

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  • Your Selections:
  • 1-20 of 119 results
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    Pediatric Eyelid Margin Disease: Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis and Chalazia
    OCT 20, 2021 By Stephanie A. Dotchin, MD, Michael D. Penny, OD
    In the pediatric setting, blepharitis often induces a secondary immune-mediated keratitis and conjunctivitis, and the spectrum of the clinical manifestations has been termed blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC). Sight-threatening corneal complications include neovascularizatio…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 745
    Pediatric Macular Disorders
    OCT 13, 2021 By Tatiana Perepelkina, MD, Lucia Ambrosio, MD, PHD, Anne B Fulton MD, Jose Efren Gonzalez Monroy, MD
    The etiology and genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of Stargardt disease, Best disease, oculocutaneous albinism, and X-linked retinoschisis are discussed in this chapter.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 471
    Pediatric Retinal Detachments
    SEP 28, 2021 By Yasmin Islam, MD, Swati Agarwal-Sinha, MD
    Retinal detachments (RDs) in the pediatric population are relatively uncommon. Their etiology includes both congenital and acquired disorders. Their management can be challenging and varies significantly from traditional management in the adult population.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 1577
    Pediatric Anterior Uveitis
    JUN 02, 2021 By Pooja Bhat MD, Debra A Goldstein MD
    Childhood uveitis is a complex condition fraught with challenges in thorough examination, delays in diagnosis, and high ocular morbidity. It is less common than adult uveitis and accounts for 5%–10% of all uveitis seen in tertiary referral clinics.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 23597
    Pediatric Posterior and Panuveitis
    APR 12, 2021 By Thellea K Leveque, MD, MPH
    Uveitis prevalence is lower in children than adults; it is seen in about 30 cases per 100,000 compared to 93 per 100,000 in adults. However, despite a lower incidence of uveitis in children compared to adults, children may be more likely to suffer vision loss.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 7916
    Pattern Strabismus
    DEC 28, 2020 By Rohit Saxena, MD, PHD, Rebika Dhiman, MD
    Vertically incomitant pattern strabismus is used to describe the type of strabismus wherein the amount of horizontal deviation changes during the excursion of the eye from upgaze to downgaze. The pathophysiology of this phenomenon is multifactorial and has been attributed to…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 9402
    Pediatric Myasthenia Gravis
    DEC 10, 2020 By Jason H Peragallo MD
    Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder involving the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in which there is fatigue of the skeletal musculature, which is potentially life threatening. It is estimated that between 10% and 15% of the cases of myasthenia occur in the pediatri…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 11806
    Aicardi Syndrome
    SEP 02, 2020 By Shannon Beres, MD
    Aicardi syndrome (AS) is a triad of features: agenesis of corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae, and infantile spasms. The etiology of Aicardi syndrome is unknown; however, the disorder is almost always seen in females and is thought to be a de novo mutation on the X-chromo…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 5754
    Congenital Fibrosis of the Extraocular Muscles (CFEOM)
    AUG 31, 2020 By Mary C Whitman MD PhD, Elizabeth Engle MD, David G Hunter MD PhD
    CFEOM is a severe form of strabismus with deficits in ocular motility. Patients with this congenital, nonprogressive disorder have restrictive ophthalmoplegia and eye misalignment, with severe congenital ptosis and a resulting prominent chin-up head position. This disease re…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 13860
    Strabismus: Duane Retraction Syndrome
    JUL 22, 2020 By Andrea Delia Molinari MD
    Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a unique restrictive type of strabismus characterized by co-contraction of the medial and lateral rectus muscles due to anomalous innervation of one of the extraocular muscle antagonists during embryogenesis. This chapter has been revised s…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 34953
    Pediatric Dry Eye
    JUL 15, 2020 By Edoardo Villani MD, Paolo Nucci MD
    Pediatric dry eye disease has been considered a rare condition, because of a lack of high-evidence epidemiological and normative data, a poor consensus on the diagnostic algorithm, difficulties in symptom quantification and interpretation, and attention focused on the hypose…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 2235
    Considerations in Surgical Correction of Adult Strabismus
    JUN 30, 2020 By Martha Ann Howard MD
    Surgical correction for adult strabismus is occurring at an increased rate, as noted in a study comparing surgical rates between 2000 and 2014. Understanding the impact that strabismus has on patient function, independence, safety, and sense of well-being is as integral to c…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 1369
    Pediatric Ocular Congenital Vasculopathies: Part I
    JUN 24, 2020 By Marina Roizenblatt, MD, Kim Jiramongkolchai, MD
    This chapter of Pediatric Ocular Congenital Vasculopathies focuses on the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic examination, and treatment of persistent fetal vasculature, incontinentia pigmenti, and Norrie disease.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 506
    Intermittent Exotropia
    APR 09, 2020 By Julius T Oatts, MD
    Intermittent exotropia is the most common form of strabismus, characterized by an intermittent outward deviation of the eyes. It affects as much as 1% of the population and most often presents in childhood, affecting females more than males.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 24091
    Surgical Treatment in Pediatric Retinal Detachment
    MAR 28, 2020 By Laura Andrea Torrado, MD, George D Fivgas MD
    Pediatric retinal detachment (RD) is a rare and complicated disease, with a previously reported incidence that ranges from 3% to 13%. Unlike RDs in adults, pediatric RDs tend to have a chronic duration, worse presenting visual acuity, macula involvement, and proliferative vi…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 3688
    Clinical Guidelines: Childhood Nystagmus Workup
    FEB 12, 2020 By Alina V Dumitrescu, MD, Brittni Ashton Scruggs, MD, Arlene V Drack MD
    Nystagmus is clinically described based on amplitude, frequency, and direction of oscillations. It can be broadly classified as physiologic or pathologic. Except for physiologic nystagmus, all forms should be considered a symptom of a condition rather than a diagnosis in its…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 9176
    Amblyopia: Types, Diagnosis, Treatment, and New Perspectives
    JUN 25, 2019 By Roberta M Benetti Zagui, MD, PHD
    Early diagnosis of ocular changes associated with amblyopia is crucial for good visual prognosis because it allows treatment to begin at a stage where the visual neurological pathways are still amenable to stimulation, recovery, and reversal of cortical damage.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 34585
    Clinical Examination of Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision in Infants Under Six Months of Age
    JUN 05, 2019 By Anna M. Horwood, PhD, DBOT
    A parental history of an infant's early-onset strabismus must be taken carefully, and family photographs can be invaluable. Genuine infantile esotropia may have been much smaller or intermittent in the first weeks of life.
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 3169
    Typical and Atypical Development of Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision in Infants – The Background
    JUN 05, 2019 By Anna M. Horwood, PhD, DBOT
    Many visual processes–fixation, ocular alignment, visual acuity, mature motion detection, convergence, accommodation, convergence/accommodation linkages, stereopsis, and emmetropization--develop concurrently postnatally, and if all goes well, these processes reinforce each o…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 3989
    Micro-invasive Glaucoma Surgery in Childhood Glaucoma
    APR 18, 2019 By Ta Chen Chang MD, Kara M Cavuoto MD
    In adult-onset glaucoma, surgery is offered after conservative therapies have proven inadequate, but in childhood glaucoma, surgery is frequently the first-line treatment. It stands to reason that bleb-less and hardware-free procedures may be particularly suitable for childr…
    Disease Review
    • Comments 0
    • Views 1085
    1-20 of 119 results
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