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Code of Hammurabi described fees for medical services including eye operations.
Ebers Papyrus listed 100 cures for eye diseases.
Eye of Horus amulet
2200-400 BCE
Susruta Samhita listed 76 eye diseases and 51 eye operations including couching for cataract.
Hippocrates (460 – 375 BCE) wrote about “glaukoma,” a light blue or green color of the iris and lens.
Hippocrates (460-375 BCE) wrote about “glaukoma” from the Greek word “glaukos” meaning a light blue or green color.
Sushruta wrote the first text on surgery. The Sanskrit manuscript describes couching of cataract.
Celsus (25 BCE – 50 CE) wrote about couching for cataract.
Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BCE - 50 CE) wrote about couching or reclination of the lens.
Claudius Galen (130 – 200) wrote over 100 books on medicine, including eye diseases and their treatments.
Claudius Galen (130-200 CE) writes about abrasio corneae or superficial keratectomy
Chao Yuanfang published the first Chinese medical text to specifically list eye diseases; it includes special mention of pediatric conditions.
Eyeglasses first appeared in Pisa, Italy.
Leather framed spectacles
c1700
Eyecups or baths found listed in European household, possibly the earliest record of daily, personal eye care.
Spode porcelain eyecup
c840
Felix Platter proposed that the lens was “the looking glass” of the eye and that the retina was the true photoreceptor.
Felix Platter (1536-1614) proposed that the lens was “the looking glass” of the eye and that the retina was the true photoreceptor
Johannes Lippershey discovered the telescope.
Notgeld printed by Rathenow
Germany c1920
Johannes Kepler described the image formed on the retina
Richard Banister of England published his observation that glaucoma was associated with a hardening of the eye.
Pierre Brisseau (1631-1717) reported that cataract occurs definitively in the lens- something that had been heretofore in dispute.
Antoine Maitre-Jean (1650-1725) reported that it was possible for an animal to see without its lens — hence popularizing the notion of removal of cataracts.
Jacques Daviel (1696-1762) was the first to perform extracapsular extraction.
Johann Gottfried Zinn (1727-1759) published a definitive anatomy of the eye.
“Descripto Anatomica Oculi Humane Iconibus Illustrata”
1755
Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) suggested trephining the cornea and removing the opaque portion, thinking that the cornea would then heal transparent
King Louis XV named Deshais-Gendron the Chair of the world’s first ophthalmology department.
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocal eyeglasses.
Split bifocals
c1850
Guillaume Pellier de Quengsy (d.1835) published a theory of keratoprosthesis
George Joseph Beer (1763-1821) introduced intracapsular extraction.
Thomas Young (1773-1829) discovered astigmatism and was the first to map the normal field of vision.
John Cunningham Saunders (b.1773) established the world’s first public eye hospital, the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital (Moorfields).
George Joseph Beer (1763-1821) describes iridectomy.
Franz Reisinger (1768-1855) first suggested that a scarred human cornea be replaced by animal cornea and coined the term “keratoplasty”
Louis Braille (1809-1860) invented an alphabet of raised dots to aid the blind.
French postage stamp
1948
John Isaac Hawkins (1772-1855) invented trifocal lenses.
Wilhelm Tohme (1809-?) attempted the first keratoplasty
William MacKenzie, MD published the symptoms and signs of glaucoma, advocating the sclera punch to relieve intraocular pressure.
Richard Sharp Kissam attempted first animal corneal graft to a human eye
Wills Eye Hospital started the first US eye residency program.
T. Konigshofer experimented on animals with the lamellar graft and described using a double knife.
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) demonstrated the ophthalmoscope.
Helmholtz plaquette
1894
Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894) demonstrated the ophthalmoscope.
Frans Cornelis Donders (1818-1889) described pigmentary retinopathy.
Ernst Adolph Coccius (1825-1890) described retinal detachment.
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) demonstrated the keratometer.
Hermann von Helmholtz (182-1894) demonstrated the keratometer.
Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) reported successful treatment of congestive glaucoma using iridectomy.
Carl Forster introduced the first perimeter.
Hermann von Snellen (1834-1908) created a test card for visual acuity.
Snellen chart
c1950
Frans Cornelis Donders (1818-1889) developed the first tonometer, or instrument to measure intraocular pressure in his lab between 1863 and 1868.
Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) introduced the small incision surgery.
Weber noted the effect of an extract of calabar bean which lead to the development of pilocarpine.
Henry Willard Williams (1831-1895) introduced sutures to cataract surgery, also first to use ether anesthesia.
Isabel Hayes Chapin Barrows (1845-1913) was the first woman to study ophthalmology at the University of Vienna and the first woman ophthalmologist to practice in the US.
F. Monoyer (1836-1912) suggested that lenses be marked with their dioptric power, standardizing spectacle manufacture.
Willy Kuhne (1837-1900) demonstrated that visual pigments regenerate in the dark, the first clue to how the visual cycle works.
Robert Koch discovered Haemophilus aegyptius or Koch‐Weeks bacillus, the cause of acute conjunctivitis.
Julius von Michel determined Mycobacterium tuberculosi was the cause of uveitis.
Koch commemorative medal
1972
Carl Koller (1857-1944) introduced topical anesthesia.
A. Jess, MD described scleral buckle for the treatment of retinal detachment
Henry Power (1829-1911) advocated that for consistent successs, only human corneal tissue could be used for keratoplasty.
F.E. Muller created first hard contact lenses.
Scleral contact lenses
August Wagenmann (1862-1955) proved that full thickness corneal grafts could heal transparently in rabbits.
New York State passed the Howe Law, mandating the use of silver nitrate in newborns to fight ophthalmia neonatorum.
Lucien Howe
1895
Alexi Maklakoff introduced his tonometer.
American Academy of Ophthalmology founded, originally named the Western Ophthalmological, Laryngological and Rhinological Association.
United States instituted mandatory eye exams for trachoma at all immigration centers; anyone found to have the disease is refused entry.
Eduard Zirm (1887-1944) performs first successful, full thickness corneal transplant on a human patient utilizing a human donor cornea from a recent enucleation.
Hjalmar Schiötz (1850-1927) introduced his tonometer.
Allvar Gullstrand (1862-1930) awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.
American Board of Ophthalmology established, the first medical specialty board in the US.
Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1962) published his definitive color vision test.
"Test for Color Blindness"
c1940
Ignacio Barraquer introduced the erisophake, an instrument that would suction out cataracts.
Jules Gonin, MD (1870-1935) introduced cautery for scleral resection.
Friedrich Dimmer published the first fundus photographs.
Marc Amsler (1891-1968) introduced the Amsler grid for detection of macular degeneration.
Vladimir Filatov (1875-1956) performs first successful, full thickness corneal transplant using preserved human corneal tissue (cadaver donor).
Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889-1977) received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in the electrophysiological activity of the brain, visual cortex and optic nerve.
Ramon Castroviejo introduced his double knife at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and began a campaign for people to will their corneas to science.
Otto Barkan, MD popularized gonioscopy.
Norman McAlister Gregg linked congenital cataract and rubella infection of the mother in the first trimester.
R. Townley Paton founded the first eye bank: The Eye Bank for Sight Restoration.
Charles Schepens, MD (1912-2006) demonstrated binocular stereoscopic indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral depression
Gerd Meyer-Schwickerath, MD (1920-1992 ) began to experiment with light photocoagulation.
Jose I. Barraquer (1916-1998) invented a microkeratome and performed first myopic keratomileusis (MKM).
Ernst Custodis, MD (1898-1990) reported on the successful use of the segmented sclera buckle while Henricus J.M. Weve demonstrated the sclera stitch.
Helenor Campbell Wilder Foerster (1895-1998) of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology documented nematode infections in the eye.
Tsutomu Sato (1902-1960) invented a microkeratome and performed first radial keratotomy (RK) for myopia.
Sir Nicholas Harold Lloyd Ridley (1906-2001) performed the first intraocular lens implant (IOL).
Hans Goldmann, MD introduced his tonometer.
Drs. H. Harms and Joaquin Barraquer adapted the Zeiss optical microscope for use by physicians during eye surgery.
T’ang and colleagues in China were the first to culture Chlamydia trachomatis and confirmed it was bacterial.
Joaquin Barraquer introduced enzymatic zonulolysis.
David Alvis and Harold Novotny performed the first fluorescein angiography.
Fluorescein angiogram of Dr. David Alvis
1959
Harold Novotny and David Alvis produced the first fluorescein angiogram.
Otto Wichterle created first soft contact lenses.
Charles Campbell and Charles Koester reported the first human ophthalmic laser treatment for a retinal tumor.
Tadeusz Krwawicz (1910-1990) introduced cryoextraction.
Charles Campbell and Charles Koester reported the first human ophthalmic laser treatment for retinal tumor.
Paul A. Cibis, MD (1911-1965) demonstrates the injection of silicone oil for the treatment of retinal detachment.
Drs. Harvey Lincoff and John McLean describe cryosurgery for the treatment of retinal detachment.
Jose I. Barrraquer (1916-1998) introduced the lamellar keratectomy surgery method of cryolathe keratomileusis.
Ragnar Granit (1900-1991), Haldan Hartline (1903-1983) and George Wald (1906-1997) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for demonstrating the primary neural organization of the retina and the role of vitamin A.
Charles Kelman, MD (1930-2004) introduced ultrasound or phakoemulsification.
William B. Snyder, MD introduced laser iridotomy.
United States established the National Eye Institute.
L’Esperance conducted the first human trial utilizing an ophthalmic laser treatment.
Pen used by President Lyndon B. Johnson to sign H.R. 12843
August 16, 1968
John Cairns, MD introduced trabeculectomy.
Robert Machemer, MD (1933-2009) demonstrated the first practical suction vitrectomy instrument for the treatment of retinal detachment (VISC I).
First commercial VISC instrument with fiber optics for illumination developed by Robert Machemer, MD (VISC VII), manufactured by Klein.
Timolol maleate introduced to the market.
Herbert Kaufman and Theodore Werblin introduced aphakic epikeratoplasty.
David Hubel (b.1926) and Torston Wiesel (b.1924) jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work demonstrating how visual information is coded in the retina and brain.
Marguerite McDonald, MD first uses excimer laser to perform PRK on humans.
LASIK surgery developed by Drs. Lucio Buratto and Ioannis Pallikaris.
Dimitri T. Azar, MD first performed a procedure he called “alcohol-assisted flap PRK” also known as LASEK.
Prostaglandins introduced to the market.
Theo Seiler, MD performed the world's first wavefront-based laser treatment.
William Campbell and Satoshi Omura received one half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work leading to a therapy for onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness.
American Academy of OphthalmologyMuseum of Vision655 Beach StreetSan Francisco, CA 94109
Phone:+1.415.561.8502Fax: +1.415.561.8567museum@aao.org
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